Head and Neck - The Bony Skull and Scalp

Question 1

What is the most common joint between most bones in the skull?

Answer 1

Fibrous suture joint

Question 2

How is the skull divided?

Answer 2

Into 3 parts

Question 3

What are the 3 parts of the skull?

Answer 3

Neurocranium, viscera- cranium (facial skull) and mandible

Question 4

What are the 3 parts of a skull bone?

Answer 4

Periosteum, compact cortical bone, cancellous dipole (spongy bone)

Question 5

What are the 8 bones of the cranium?

Answer 5

1 frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, occipital

2 parietal, temporal

Question 6

Name the 4 sutures of the skull.

Answer 6

Sagittal, coronal, lambdoid, squamous

Question 7

Where is the sagittal suture between?

Answer 7

2 parietal bones

Question 8

Where is the coronal suture between?

Answer 8

Parietal bones and frontal bone

Question 9

Where is the lambdoid suture between?

Answer 9

Parietal bones and occipital bone

Question 10

Where is the squamous suture between?

Answer 10

Parietal bone and temporal bone

Question 11

What do the bones of the facial skeleton give attachment to?

Answer 11

Muscles of tongue, mastication and pharynx

Question 12

What are the 14 facial bones?

Answer 12

2 nasal, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, maxilla, palatine, zygomatic
1 vomer, mandible

Question 13

What are the bony prominences of the skull?

Answer 13

Occipital protuberance, mastoid process, zygomatic arch, styloid process, occipital condyles

Question 14

What is the occipital protuberance?

Answer 14

Bump at the back of the head and is part of the occipital bone

Question 15

What bone is the mastoid process part of?

Answer 15

Temporal bone

Question 16

What is the zygomatic arch?

Answer 16

Cheek bone and is part of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone

Question 17

What bone is the styloid process part of?

Answer 17

Temporal bone

Question 18

What is the occipital condyles?

Answer 18

Where head sits on atlas and is part of the occipital bone

Question 19

What are the 3 fosse of the cranial cavity?

Answer 19

anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae

Question 20

What are the parts of the sphenoid bone?

Answer 20

The body, lesser/greater wings, lateral and medial pterygoid plates

Question 21

On the floor of the skull looking from the inferior aspect, what can be seen?

Answer 21

Occipital condyles, mastoid and styloid processes, pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone, palatine bone

Question 22

What is the foramen magnum?

Answer 22

Largest foramen in the posterior cranial fossa

Question 23

What 2 structures pass through the foramen magnum?

Answer 23

Spina cord and R&L vertebral arteries

Question 24

What is the role of air spaces?

Answer 24

Decrease the weight of the skull

Question 25

What are the 3 bones that play a role in hearing?

Answer 25

Hammer/malleus Anvil/incus Stirrup/stapes

Question 26

Where can the external auditory canal be seen?

Answer 26

On the outside without having to look inside the ear

Question 27

Where does the petrous part of the temporal bone lie?

Answer 27

Immediately inside the canal on the floor of the skull

Question 28

What is found within the petrous part of the temporal bone?

Answer 28

Ear ossicles

Question 29

Where does the scalp extend from and to?

Answer 29

Anteriorly: superciliary arches/supraorbital arches Posteriorly: superior nuchal lines Laterally: superior temporal bone

Question 30

What are the superior nuchal lines?

Answer 30

(Slightly) part of the occipital bone

Question 31

What 2 bones form the zygomatic arch?

Answer 31

Anteriorly: temporal process of zygomatic bone Posteriorly: zygomatic process of temporal bone

Question 32

What type of joint is present between these 2 bones at the zygomatic arch?

Answer 32

Oblique suture/fibrous joint

Question 33

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

Answer 33

``` S: skin C: connective tissue A: aponeurosis of the occipitofrontal muscle (epicranial aponeurosis) L: loose connective tissue P: periosteum ```

Question 34

What makes up the pericranium?

Answer 34

Periosteum, compact cortical bone, cancellous diploe

Question 35

What is the epicranial aponeurosis? (2 points to be made)

Answer 35

3rd layer of the scalp | Connects frontal and occipital bellies of occipitofrontalis muscle

Question 36

What is the action of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

Answer 36

It is a muscle of facial expression | On contraction of the anterior belly it raises the eyebrows

Question 37

What cranial nerve supplies the anterior part of the scalp (anterior to the auricle of the external ear)?

Answer 37

Trigeminal Nerve (Cr N V)

Question 38

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 38

Ophthalamic (V1), Maxillary (V2) and Mandibular (V3)

Question 39

What do the fibres of the ophthalmic nerve carry?

Answer 39

Purely sensory

Question 40

What do the fibres of the maxillary nerve carry?

Answer 40

Purely sensory

Question 41

What do the fibres in the mandibular nerve carry?

Answer 41

Sensory and motor

Question 42

What cranial spinal nerves supply the posterior half of the scalp (posterior to the auricle of the ear)?

Answer 42

Cutaneous branches of the anterior and posterior rami of the cervical spinal nerves C2 and C3

Question 43

What structure forms from the ventral rami of C5 to T1?

Answer 43

Brachial plexus

Question 44

What do the ventral roots of the spinal nerve carry?

Answer 44

Motor fibres

Question 45

What do the dorsal roots of the spinal nerve carry?

Answer 45

Sensory fibres

Question 46

What do the ventral and dorsal rami of the spinal nerves carry?

Answer 46

Both sensory and motor fibres

Question 47

Do they spinal nerves carry any parasympathetic fibres?

Answer 47

No

Question 48

What fibres could a cranial nerve carry?

Answer 48

Sensory, motor or parasympathetic fibres | Cranial nerves can carry a combination of these

Question 49

How do sympathetic fibres reach these regions supplied by cranial nerves?

Answer 49

Post-ganglionic fibres form the sympathetic chain from a plexus and hitch a ride with blood vessels

Question 50

What is general sensory?

Answer 50

Ordinary sensations: touch, temperature, pain etc

Question 51

What is special sensory?

Answer 51

Vision, hearing, taste

Question 52

In which layer of the scalp are blood vessels present?

Answer 52

2nd layer: connective tissue layer

Question 53

What are the branches of the external carotid artery that supply the scalp?

Answer 53

Superficial temporal artery, posterior auricular artery, occipital artery

Question 54

What are the branches of the internal carotid artery that supply the scalp?

Answer 54

Supratrochlear artery, supra-orbital artery (both branches from ophthalmic artery which is the first branch of ICA)

Question 55

Where can the pulse of the superficial temporal artery be felt?

Answer 55

In front of the tragus of the ear

Question 56

What veins drain the scalp?

Answer 56

Supraorbital, supratrochelar, facial, submental, anterior jugular, internal jugular, subclavian, external jugular, posterior auricular, superficial temporal

Question 57

Do the veins that drain the scalp anastomose with each other?

Answer 57

Yes

Question 58

What veins, apart from the veins that anastomose with each other, do the veins that drain the scalp anastomose with?

Answer 58

Diploic veins in the skull bones

Question 59

Through what veins is the blood drained to the venous sinuses of the brain?

Answer 59

Diploic veins and emissary veins

Question 60

What can emissary veins do?

Answer 60

Emissary veins can spread infection intracranially

Question 61

What is dipole?

Answer 61

Spongy cancellous bone separating the inner and outer layers of the cortical bone of the skull

Question 62

What potential grave complication could arise from scalp infections due to the presence of emissary veins?

Answer 62

Meningitis

Question 63

What is the lymphatic drainage of the scalp?

Answer 63

There is no lymph nodes in the scalp. Lymph drains away from scalp into lymph nodes of the head and neck