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Nursing 202 > Head and Neck, Regional Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Head and Neck, Regional Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Head structure

A

cranial bones
sutures
facial bones
facial muscles
salivary glands

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2
Q

Neck structure

A

neck muscles
anterior and posterior triangles
thyroid gland

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3
Q

Lymphatics

A

preauricular
posterior auricular-mastoid
occipital
submental
submandibular
tonsillar
superficial cervical
deep cervical
posterior cervical
supraclavicular

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4
Q

Developmental considerations for infants

A

fontanelles, head growth and lympthatic system

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5
Q

Pregnant women

A

slight enlargement of thyroid

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6
Q

older adults

A

sagging facial skin

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7
Q

Developmental considerations infants

A

skull-head circumference, caput succedaneum, cephalhematoma
Face-symmetry, appearance, presence of swelling
Neck-muscle development and head control
special considerations

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8
Q

Developmental considerations in older adults

A

presence of senile tremors, concave cervical curve, and dizziness on range of motion

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9
Q

Subjective data-health history

A

headache
head injury-loss of consciousness
dizziness-spinning, lightheadedness
neck pain or limitation of motion
lumps or swelling
history of head or neck surgery
thyroid problems

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10
Q

additional health questions-infants

A

prenatal drug exposure, type of delivery, growth pattern

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11
Q

additional health history questions-older adults

A

dizziness and neck pain

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12
Q

Objective data-physical exam

A

head-insepct and palpate skull
size and shape (normocephalic)
Temporal area-artery and mandibular joint
Head-insepct the face
Facial structures
sinuses

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13
Q

Inspect

A

symmetry and ROM

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14
Q

Palpate

A

Lymph nodes-location, size, shape, mobility, consistency and tenderness
Trachea and thryoid gland (posterior and anterior) also auscultate for bruit

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15
Q

Promoting health

A

Helmet use is legislated provincially
helmets reduce the risk of head or brain injury by 85-88%
ensure sport specific helmets are worn

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16
Q

Pediatric facial diferences

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome
Down’s Syndrome
Allergic saulte and crease
Atopic (allergic) facies

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17
Q

External anatomy of the eye

A

eyelids, palpebral fissure, limbus, canthus, caruncle

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18
Q

What are the visual pathways and visual fields

A

Refraction of light rays
Crossing of fibres at optic nerve

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19
Q

What are the visual reflexeses

A

Pupillary light reflexes
fixation
accomodation

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20
Q

Developmental considerations for older adults with eyes

A

presbyopia
macular degenration
cataracts
glaucoma
diabetic retinopathy
decreased tear production
decreased adaptation to darkness
cultural-african descents 3-6 x more rate of glaucoma

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21
Q

Developmental considerations for the eyes in children

A

They have limited eye function at birth
By age 7-8 they are far-sighted

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22
Q

Subjective data-health History in eyes

A

vision difficulty-decreased acuity, blurring, blind spots
Pain
strabismus and diplopia
redness and swelling
watering and discharge
history of ocular problems
glaucoma
glasses or contacts
self care behavioiurs-eye protection and last exam
any medications
vision loss

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23
Q

Additional health history questions for infants in eyes

A

other’s vaginal infection during delivery
developmental milestones
routine vision testing
safety measures

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24
Q

additional health questions for older adults with eyes

A

movement and visual difficulty
glaucoma testing
catarcts
dryness of eyes
decreased activities

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25
Objective Data-physical exam
prep-position equipment-snellen eye chart, handheld visual screener, opaque card or occuluder penlight applicator stick opthalmoscope Central vision acuity-snelen eye chart and ner vision Visual fields-confrontation test
26
External inspection of the eyes
general-inspection is preorbital edema eyebrows, eyelids and lashes (ptosus and xanthelasma) Eues (exophthalmos)
27
Inspect what on the eyes
cornea and lens (shine light from side) conjunctiva and sclera (patient looks up, and pull lids down gently)
28
Extraocular Muscle Function
Inspect-diagnostic positions test patient follows movement of object 12 inches away Normal-track with both eyes nystagmus only normal at extreme lateral gaze
29
Accomodation
Have patient focus on examiners finger and move it towards their nose observe for convergence and pupillary constriction
30
Pupillary light reflex
part of neuro exam dark room , shin light from side and measure pupils before and after light pupil should be resting 3-5mm brisk or sluggish response? consensual response-opposite pupil also constricts
31
PERRLA
pupils, equal, round, reaction to light and accomodation
32
Access visual acuity
Snellen eye chart 20 feet away 20/20 vision is normal top # is distance from chart and bottom is # someone with normal vision could read the line 20/30 is nearsight higher the bottom number the worst the nearsighted is
33
Development of the eyes for kids
children 2 and a half to 3 test by showing familiar objects children 3-8 get tumbling e effect
34
Use of ophthalmoscope
functions as appendage of examiners eye shine light into eye. find red reflex, then follow in to view ocular fundus
35
Locate the optic disk?
next to macula
36
What is a cataract
cloudiness in the lens of the eye
37
What is a glaucoma test
It determines if the optic nerve is damaged-which may cause a visual problem
38
What is arcus senilis
lipid ring at corner of retina indicated carotid artery disease
39
Structure of the external ear
external ear-external auditory canal and tympanic membrane
40
Structure of middle ear
Middle ear has malleus, incus and stapes and the eustachian tube
41
What is the structure of the inner ear
inner ear-vestibule and semicircular canals (bony labryinth) cochlea
42
What is the function of the ear
hearing and balance sound waves travel through external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane (translucent pearly grey that seperates external and middle ear) Auditory canal is lined with galnds that secrete cerumen
43
Function of the middle ear
contains malleus, incus and stapes it conducts sound vibrations reduces amplitude of loud noises equalizes air pressure via euschian tube to prevent tympanic membrane rupture
44
Function of inner ear
vestibule and semicurcular canals (balance) and cochlea (hearing) info then travels to the brain via cranial nerve VII
45
Developmental considerations for infants and children with ears
shorter, horizontal eustchian tube -pathogens move from nasopharynx to middle ear increased incidence of otitis media if bottle fed lying down
46
Developmental considerations for older adults with ears
cilia course and stiff, impacted cerumen presbycusis-gradual hearing loss
47
Cultural and social considerations for the ear
increased incidence of otitis media in aboriginal children, premature infants, infants with down syndrome, infants fed in supine position Cerumen-genetically determined-dry and wet cerumen hearing loss is the 3rd most chronic condition in older adults-audism-discrimination based on hearing loss
48
Promoting health
earbuds placed directly in the ear canal related to hearing loss use larger headphones that are noise cancelling 60-60 rule
49
Subjective data-health history for ears
earaches(otalgia) infections discharge (ottorhea) hearing loss environmental noise tinnitis vertigo self care-hearing protection and the last hearing test Infants specifically-ear infections, hearing loss, injury
50
Objective Data-Physical Exam Ears
prep-poaition and clean the ear equi[ment-otoscope plus bright light, and pneumatic bulb attachment(kids) External ear-inspect and palpate size and shape, check skin condition, tenderness, external auditory meatus
51
Otoscopic exam
Position head and ear, method of holding and inserting otoscope external canal-colour, swelling, lesions and discharge (colour and odor)
52
Tympanic membrane
Color and characteristics positon integrity of membrane
53
Tympanic tube insertation
ENT places tube
54
Testing Hearing
Test hearing acuity-conversational speech, whispered voice test Tuning forks (Weber) not precise data Vestibular apparatus (Romberg test)
55
Development of ears in children
ear position timing of otoscopic exam positioning of children testing hearing acuity and developmental milestones behavioural manifestations of hearing loss
56
Development of ears in adults
loss of elasticity of pinna eardrum gets whiter and more opaque and duller loss of hearing high tones, and consonants in whispered voice test isolation in groups
57
Nose Structure
first segment of respiratory system-warms, moistens and filters air, shaped as a triangle
58
Mouth structure
first segment of digestive system and an airway for respiratory bordered by lips, soft and hard palate, cheecks and tongue contains teeth, gums, tongue and salivary glands
59
Throat structure
area behind the mouth and nose seperated from the mouth by tonsils
60
Structure and Function of nose
external nose nasal cavity-septum, turbinated and meatus
61
Paranasal sinuses
frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid
62
Salivary gland examples
parotid submandibular sublingual teeth and gums
63
Developmental Considerations for infants with the nose, mouth and throat
salivation deciduous teeth nose-obligate nose breathers positioning tonsils mouth and throat-sucking tubercle
64
Pregnant women developmental considerations (nose mouth and throat)
pregnancy related gingivitis nasal stiffness epistaxis hyperemic gums
65
Developmental considerations for nose mouth and throat for older adults
diminished smell and taste atrophic tissues dental changes (malocclusion) malntrition purse string appearance of mouth yellow teeth
66
Cultural and social considerations for nose, mouth and throat
there is an increased incidencd of dental disease among indigenous people (chnages from traditional diets, lack of access to fluoridated water and dental health services) correlation between socioeconomic vatriables and dental disease (inadequate dental insurance)
67
Subjective data for the nose
discharge(rhinorrhea) frequent colds (upper respiratory) sinus pain Trauma Epistaxis (nosebleeds) allergies altered sense of smell
68
Subjective data-mouth and throat
sores or lesions sore throat bleeding gums toothache hoarseness/dysphagia/altered taste smoking/alcohol consumption self care behaviours-dental care patterns
69
Additional health history questions for infants and children (mouth and throat)
Mouth disease throat disease tooth development self-care behaviours
70
Additional health history questions for older adults mouth and throat
mouth dryness xerostomia) teeth/denturess mouth care taste and smell effect on nutrition
71
Promoting Health-smokeless tobacco
chewing tobacco and snuff (dry or moist) this can lead to oral, esophageal or pancreatic cancer early signs of oral cancer include-ulcers, sores that do not heal white or red patches prolonged sore throat or feeling that something is in your throat numbness or tingling unexplained bleeding
72
Physical exam of nose
inspect and plaplate external nose, and nasal cavity hold the otoscope, nasal septum and turbinates Havepatient block one nostril and sniff
73
Physical exam of sinuses
Palpate the sinus area frontal and maxillary sinuses
74
Physical exam of the mouth
inspect-lips, teeth and hums, tongue (test cranial nerve) buccal mucosa palate and uvula
75
Physical exam of the throat
tonsils (grading between 1 and 4 1 is visible 2 is halfway between tonsillar pillars and uvula 3 is touching uvula 4 is touching each other use of tongue blade posterior pharyngeal wall

Nursing 202 (15 decks)

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