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08. Year 2: Head and Neck > Head and Neck Embryology > Flashcards

Head and Neck Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the neck develop from?

A

Branchial/pharyngeal arches

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2
Q

What does the face develop from?

A

5 mesenchymal processes/prominences

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3
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

Embyonic connective tissue, has the same properties as conective tissue and develops into bone, cartilage, blood vessels etc

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4
Q

What does the skull develop from?

A

Mesenchyme in the head region of the developing embryo

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5
Q

Give a recap of the origin of embryology?

A

1) Ball of cells (blastula)
2) Flattened plate of cells is formed (bilaminar germ disc)
3) Trilaminar germ disc is formed which has amniotic cavity dorsally and yolk sac ventrally
4) Notochord formation leads to axis formation in embryo (ie embryo now has a right and left side)

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6
Q

What are the 2 areas of the early embryo where there is no mesoderm?

A

Sites of future mouth and anus

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7
Q

Explain the development of the neural tube and neural crest cells?

A

1) Some of ectoderm in midline folds down to form neural tube
2) Some cells at the crest of neural tube separate to form the neurla crest which migrate and give rise to a variety of structures
3) Neural crest cells in the head and neck region mix with the mesoderm

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8
Q

What does the neural tube go onto form?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

What are somites derived from?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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10
Q

What do somites form?

A

Structures like the axial skeleton and muscles

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11
Q

How many somites are there?

A

Around 33

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12
Q

What do somites in the future head region help with?

A

Cranial skeleton development

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13
Q

What are the series of arches called that develop around the future mouth and pharynx?

A

Pharyngeal/branchial arches

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14
Q

What is the precurser of the mouth?

A

Stomatodeum

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15
Q

What role does the pharyngeal/branchial arches have?

A

Supports primitive embryo

Develops into the face and neck

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16
Q

What forms the pharynx?

A

Developing foregut from the mouth to respiratory diverticulum

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17
Q

How many branchial arches develop?

A

5 (6 arches start to develop but number 5 disapears)

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18
Q

What are the 5 branchial arches?

A

1, 2, 3, 4, 6 (5 disapears)

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19
Q

What embryonic tissue makes up the branchial arches?

A

Ectoderm lines the outside (also forms clefts between arches)

Mesoderm in the middle (forms cartilage and muscle)

Endoderm on the inside (also forms mooches between arches)

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20
Q

What innervates each branchial arch?

A

A different cranial nerve

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21
Q

What cranial nerve innerates the 1st branchial arch?

A

Mandibular branch of trigeminal

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22
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the 2nd branchial arch?

A

Facial nerve

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23
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the 3rd branchial arch?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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24
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the 4th branchial arch?

A

Superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve

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25
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the 6th branchial arch?

A

Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve

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26
Q

What are all of the muscles of the face innervated by (expect the diagastric muscle)?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

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27
Q

What are the 2 components of the digastric muscle?

A

Anterior belly

Posterior belly

28
Q

What is the anterior belly of the digastric muscle innervated by?

A

Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V3)

29
Q

What is the posterior belly of the digastric muscle innervated by?

A

Facial nerve

30
Q

When muscles migrate what do they take with them?

A

Nerves

31
Q

Where is the first branchial arch?

A

Midline of mandible along the mandible region of the ear

32
Q

Where is the 2nd branchial arch?

A

Parralel to the first, from the upper part of hyoid bone to styloid process

33
Q

What are some important structures that develop from the branchial arches?

A

Tongue

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid glands

Part of the pituitary gland

34
Q

How many processes/prominences does the face develop from?

A

5

35
Q

What are the processes called that the face develops from?

A

One frontonasal process (from mesenchymal superior to future mouth)

Two maxillary processes (form maxillary part of 1st arch mesoderm)

Two mandibular processes (also 1st arch mesoderm)

36
Q

What happens to allow the processes that form the face to eventually form the nasal pit then nostril?

A

1) Mandibular processes fuse in midline
2) Ectodermal thickening (nasal placode) pushes inwards to form nasal pit and then nostril
3) Medial nasal process further grows downwards and laterally to form process called the philtrum

37
Q

Explain the development of the palate?

A

1) Medial nasal process grows downwards and forms philtrum, forming primary palate
2) From maxillary processes two palatine shelves grow inwards
3) The palatine shelves meet in the midline to form the secondary palate
4) Now the oral cavity and nasal cavity are seperate

38
Q

What congenital conditions can occur when development of the palate does not happen correctly?

A

Cleft lip and palate

39
Q

What is A?

A
40
Q

What is B?

A
41
Q

What is C?

A
42
Q

What is D?

A
43
Q

What is E?

A
44
Q

What forms the primary palate?

A

Medial nasal process growing downwards to form philtrum

45
Q

What forms the secondary palate?

A

Palatine shelves meeting in the midline

46
Q

What is the thickened ectoderm that forms the nasal pit called?

A

Nasal placode, pushes inwards to form the nasal pit and then nostril

47
Q

What is the skull vault?

A

Space in the skull occupied by the brain

48
Q

What kind of bones make up the cranial vault?

A

Flat bones

49
Q

What kind of ossification forms the bones at the base of the skull?

A

Endochondrial ossification

50
Q

What kind of ossification forms the bones of the cranial vault?

A

Membranous ossification

51
Q

What kind of bones forms the base of the skull?

A

Irregular bones

52
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A

Skeleton of the face

53
Q

What does the viscerocranium form from?

A

Partly form branchial arches, and party from sensory (special sense) capsules

54
Q

Explain the skull vault development?

A

Mesenchyme derived from mesoderm that lie above the surface of developing brain ossify directly (membranous ossification)

55
Q

What is the mesenchyme that forms the skull vault derived from?

A

Mesoderm that lies about the surface of developing brain

56
Q

When is the skull vault fully formed?

A

Not at birth, anteiror fontanelle closes 1.5 years after birth

57
Q

Why can the skull vault become deformed during passage through the birth canal?

A

Sutures between them are soft

58
Q

What is a fontanelle?

A

Soft sutures between cranial bones on an infant

59
Q

How many fontanelles are there on an infant?

A

6, they are of clinical importance

60
Q

What is a congenital problem of skull vault development?

A

Craniosynostosis

61
Q

What is craniosynostosis?

A

Suture close to early causing brain growth issues

62
Q

Explain the development of the base of the skull?

A

1) Mesenchyme around notochord is derived predominantly from neural crest cells
2) Preform in cartilage first

Later they ossify

63
Q

What are sensory capsules derived from?

A

Mesoderm of smoites in the head and neck region

64
Q

What do sensory capsules go onto form?

A

Bones around the sense organs (nose, ears and eyes)

65
Q

Explain the development of sensory capsules to bones?

A

1) Preform in cartilage
2) Ossify to form bones around sense organs

66
Q

From what bones do sensory capsules form from?

A

Partly base of skull, parly viscerocranium

67
Q

What is an example of a 1st branchial arch abnormality?

A

Treacher Collins Syndrome

08. Year 2: Head and Neck (13 decks)

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