Head And Neck

Question 1

Clinical features of Orbital Blowout Fracture

Answer 1

Enophthalmos
Diplopia
Numbness in infraorbital n distribution
Ocular emphysema

Question 2

Needle Cricothyroidotomy procedure

Answer 2

1. Palpate for cricothyroid membrane
2. Sterile field
3. 12/14G venflon attached to syringe with 1ml air
4. Inject air after puncture then remove
5. Attach to O2 with Y connector. Jet Insufflation
6. Help

Question 3

Muscles that

1. Open vocal cords
2. Close vocal cords

Answer 3

1. Posterior cricoarytenoid (Post. oPen)

2. Lateral cricoarytenoid (cLose)

Question 4

Where else might parathyroid glands be found, and why

Answer 4

Inferior parathyroids derived from 3rd branchial arch, and may be drawn to mediastinum with thymus gland. (They are drawn down by thymus gland during development, therefore are located inferior to superior parathyroids that are derived from 4th branchial arch)

Question 5

Submandibular sialolisthiasis treatment options

Answer 5

1. Conservative (gland massage, Abx, analgesia)
2. Sialography
3. Endoscopic retrieval
4. Lay open Wharton duct
5. Submandibular gland excision

Question 6

Causes of hyperthyroidism

Answer 6

Graves
Functioning adenoma
Toxic multinodular goitre
Ectopic thyroid tissue (e.g. Haematogenous spread from follicular carcinoma, ovarian teratoma with thyroid tissue, struma ovarii)
Exogenous iodine excess
Subacute de quervain thyroiditis (post viral)

Question 7

Causes of hypothyroidism

Answer 7

Primary atrophic hypothyroidism
Hashimoto
Iodine deficiency
Medication
Post op
Subacute thyroiditis

Secondary (hypopit)