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Anatomy > Head and Neck > Flashcards

Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

The ___ is the superior part of the body that is attached to the trunk by the neck. It houses the ___, therefore, it is the site of our consciousness: ideas, creativity, imagination, responses, decision making, and memory

A

head - brain

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2
Q

The head also includes special sensory receivers (___, ___, ___, and ___), broadcast devices for voice and expression, and portals for the inytake of fuel (food), water, and oxygen and the exhaust of carbon dioxide

A

eyes, ears, mouth, and nose

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3
Q

The head consists of the brain and its ___ (cranial vault and meninges), the ears, and the face. It includes ___ and __, with lubricating glands and valves (seals) to close some of them, the masticatory (chewing) devices, and the orbits that house the visual apparatus

A

protective coverings - openings and passageways

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4
Q

The cranium (skull) is the skeleton of the head. It is composed of ___ named bones. A series of bones form its two parts, the __ and __

A

22 - neurocranium and viscerocranium

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5
Q

Junction of greater wing of sphenoid, squamous temporal, frontal, and parietal bones; overlies course of anterior division of middle meningeal artery

A

Pterion

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5
Q

In the anatomical position, the skull is oriented so that the inferior margins of the orbits and the superior margin of the external acoustic meatus are horizontal, this is called the ___

A

Frankfurt plane

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6
Q

____ - is the bony case of the brain and its membranous coverings, the cranial meninges

A

Neurocranium

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7
Q

Point on calvaria at junction of lambdoid and sagittal sutures

A

Lambda

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8
Q

Point on calvaria at junction of coronal and sagittal sutures

A

Bregma

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9
Q

Superior point of neurocranium, in middle with cranium oriented in anatomical (orbitomeatal or Frankfort) plane

A

Vertex

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10
Q

Most prominent point of external occipital protuberance

A

Inion

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11
Q

Star shaped; located at junction of three sutures: parietomastoid, occipitomastoid, and lambdoid

A

Asterion

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12
Q

Smooth prominence; most marked in males; on frontal bones superior to root of nose; most anterior projecting part of forehead

A

Glabella

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13
Q

Point on cranium where frontonasal and internasal sutures meet

A

Nasion

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14
Q

The ____ is the upper part of the cranium and forms the roof and side walls of the cranial cavity.

A

skull vault (calvarium)

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15
Q

The ____ is the space containing the brain

A

cranial cavity

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15
Q

The ___ is the lowest part of the cranium and forms the floor of the cranial cavity

A

base of the skull

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16
Q

The bones of the vault form via ___ ossification, whereas the bones of the cranial base and the facial skeleton form via ___ ossification

A

membranous - endochondral

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17
Q

In some adults, a frontal suture persists; this remnant is called a ___. It is in the middle glabella, the smooth, slightly depressed area between the superciliary arches

A

metopic suture

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17
Q

The ____, specifically its squamous (flat) part, forms the skeleton of the forehead, articulating inferiorly with the nasal and zygomatic bones

A

frontal bone

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18
Q

___ (the free border of the alveolar processes surrounding and supporting the maxillary teeth); the ____ of the maxillae; and the palantine, sphenoid, vomer, temporal, and occipital bones

A

Alveolar arch of the maxillae - palantine processes

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19
Q

Superior to the posterior edge of the palate are two large openings: the ____ (posterior nasal apertures), which are separated from each other by the ___, a flat bone of trapezoidal shape forms a major part of the bony nasal septum

A

choanae - vomer

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20
Q

The ____ is a median bony extension of the frontal bone. At its base is the foramen cecum of the frontal bone

A

frontal crest

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21
Q

The ____ is a thick, median ridge of bone posterior to the foramen cecum, which projects superiorly from the ethmoid

A

crista galli

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22
Q

On each side of this ridge is the sieve-like ___ of the ethmoid bone

A

cribriform plate

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23
Q

The ____ : an elevation forming the posterior boundary of the prechiasmatic sulcus and the anterior boundary of the hypophysial fossa

A

tuberculum sella

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24
Q

The ____ (pituitary fossa): a median depression in the body of the sphenoid that accomodates the pituitary gland

A

hypophysial fossa

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25
Q

The ____ (back of saddle): a square plat eof bone projecting superiorly from the body of the sphenoid

A

dorsum sellae

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25
Q

The____ is the saddle like bony formation on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid

A

sella turcica

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26
Q

The __, in the center of the anterior part of the fossa leading to the foramen magnum

A

clivus

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27
Q

Posterior to this large opening, the posterior cranial fossa is partly divided by the internal occipital crest into bilateral large concave impressions, the ____

A

cerebellar fossae

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28
Q

The ____ are thicker portions of cranial bone that transmit forces around weaker regions of the cranium

A

butresses

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29
Q

____ : Thin, except in the occipital region, contains many sweat and sebaceous glands and hair follicles

A

SKIN

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30
Q

____ : Forms the thick, dense richly vascularized subcutaneous layer that is well supplied with cutaneous

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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31
Q

____ : a sponge-like layer including potential spaces that may distend. This layer allows free movement of the scalp proper over the underlying calvaria

A

LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE

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31
Q

____ : the broad, strong, tendinous sheet that covers the calvaria and serves as the attachment for muscle bellies converging from the forehead and occiput (accipitofrontalis muscle) and from the temporal bones on each side (temporoparietalis and superior auricular muscles)

A

APONEUROSIS

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32
Q

The _____ is a flat digastric muscle, with occipital and frontal bellies that share a common tendon. the epicranial aponeurosis

A

occipitofrontalis

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32
Q

____ : a dense layer of connective tissue that forms the external periosteum of the neurocranium

A

PERICARDIUM

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32
Q

The occipitofrontalis is a flat digastric muscle, with occipital and frontal bellies that share a common tendon the ____

A

epicranial aponeurosis

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33
Q

Because the ____ is a layer of the scalp, independently contraction of the occipital belly retracts the scalp and contraction of the frontal belly protracts it

A

aponeurosis

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34
Q

Fibers of as many as nine facial muscles interlace or merge in a highly variable or merge in a highly variable and multiplanar formation called the ___, which is largely responsible for the occurence of dimples in many people

A

modiolus

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35
Q

The ____, is a broad, thin sheet of muscle in the subcutaneous tissue of muscle in the subcutaneous tissue of the neck

A

platysma

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35
Q

The ____ is a thin, flat, rectangular muscle that attaches laterally to the alveolar process of the maxillae and alveolar part of the mandible, opposite the molar teeth

A

buccinator

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36
Q

Acting from its superior attachment, the platysma ____, producing vertical skin ridges, conveying great stress, and releasing pressure on the superficial veins.

A

tenses the skin

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37
Q

_____ innervation of the face and anterosuperior part of the scalp is provided primarily by the trigeminal nerve (CNV)

A

Cutaneous (sensory)

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37
Q

Acting from its inferior attachment, the platysma helps ____ and _____, as in grimace

A

depress the mandible - draw the corners of the mouth inferiorly

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38
Q

____ to the facial muscles is provided by the facial nerve (CN VII)

A

Motor innervation

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39
Q

____ is the sensory nerve for the face and the motor nerve for the muscles of mastication and several small muscles

A

CN V (Trigeminal nerve)

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40
Q

The ____ emerges from the superior border of the parotid gland and crosses the zygomatic arch to supply the auricularis superior and auricularis anterior; the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis; and, most important, the superior part of the orbicularis oculi

A

temporal branch of CN VII

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40
Q

Opthalmic nerve V1, Enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure. Trifucates into the ___, ___, and ___ nerves

A

frontal, nasociliary, and lacrimal

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40
Q

MAXILLARY NERVE, Leaves cranium through the ____

A

foramen rotundum

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41
Q

MAXILLARY NERVE, The ____ runs to the lateral wall of the orbit, giving rise to two of the three cutaneous branches of CN V2, the ___ and ____ nerves

A

zygomatic nerve - zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal

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41
Q

MAXILLARY NERVE, Emerge from the ___

A

foramen ovale

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42
Q

The motor root of CN VII supplies the muscles of ______, including the superficial muscle of the neck (platysma), auricular muscles, scalp muscles, and certain other muscles

A

facial expression

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42
Q

MAXILLARY NERVE, The ___ and ___ division of the trigeminal nerve

A

inferiormost and largest

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43
Q

MAXILLARY NERVE, The major cutaneous branches of CN V3 are the ___, ___, and ___ nerves

A

auriculotemporal, buccal, and mental

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43
Q

The _____ supplies the muscles of facial expression, including the superficial muscle of the neck (platysma), auricular muscles, scalp muscles, and certain other muscles

A

motor root of CN VII

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44
Q

The_____ passes via two or three branches superior and mainly inferior to the eye to supply the inferior part if the orbicularis oculi and other facial muscles inferior to the orbit

A

zygomatic branch of CN VII

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45
Q

THE FACIAL ARTERY, Provides the major arterial supply to the face. It arises from the ___ and winds its way to the inferior border of the mandible, just anterior to the masseter

A

external carotid artery

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46
Q

Distal to the lateral nasal artery at the side of the nose, the terminal part of the facial artery is called the ___

A

angular artery

47
Q

The facial artery sends branches to the upper and lower lips (_____), ascending along the side of the nose, and anastomoses with the dorsal nasal branch of the ophthalmic artery

A

superior and inferior labial arteries

48
Q

The facial artery sends branches to the upper and lower lips (superior and inferior labial arteries), ascending along the side of the nose, and anastomoses with the ____

A

dorsal nasal branch of the ophthalmic artery

49
Q

_____, branches of the ophthalmic artery, accompany nerves of the same name across the eyebrows and forehead

A

Supra-orbital and supratrochlear arteries

50
Q

The smaller terminal branch of the external carotid artery; the other branch is the ___

A

maxillary artery

51
Q

The _____ emerges on the face between the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the auricle, enters the temporal fossa, and ends in the scalp by dividing into frontal and parietal branches

A

superficial temporal artery

52
Q

The superficial temporal artery emerges on the face between the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the auricle, enters the temporal fossa, and ____ by dividing into frontal and parietal branches

A

ends in the scalp

53
Q

Arises from the superficial temporal artery within the parotid gland and crosses the face superficial to the masseter approximately a finger’s breadth ____

A

inferior to the zygomatic arch

54
Q

The only superficial branch derived from the ___, accompanies the nerve of the same name in the chin

A

maxillary artery

55
Q

The arterial supply is from the external carotid arteries through the ___, ___, and ____ arteries and from the internal carotid arteries through the supratrochlear and supra-orbital arteries

A

occipital, posterior auricular, and superficial temporal

56
Q

The superficial parts of the scalp - through the accompanying veins of the scalp arteries, the supra-orbital and supratrochlear veins. The ____ and ____ the scalp anterior and posterior to the auricles, respectively

A

superficial temporal veins and posterior auricular veins drain

57
Q

The ____ often receives a ____ from the sigmoid sinus, a dural venous sinus. The occipital veins drain the occipital region of the scalp. Venous drainage of deep parts of the scalp in the temporal region is through deep temporal veins, which are tributaries of the pterygoid venous plexus

A

posterior auricular vein - mastoid emissary vein

58
Q

All lymphatic vessels from the head and neck drain directly or indirectly into the ___, a chain of nodes mainly located along the IJV in the neck

A

deep cervical lymph nodes

59
Q

Lymph from these deep nodes passes to the jugular lymphatic trunk, which joins the ___ on the left side and the IJV or____ on the right side

A

thoracic duct - brachiocephalic vein

60
Q

Lymph from the lateral part of the face and scalp, including the eyelids, drains to the ___

A

superficial parotid lymph nodes

61
Q

Lymph from the deep parotid nodes drains to the ___ lymph nodes

A

deep cervical

61
Q

Lymph from the upper lip and lateral parts of the lower lip drains to the ____ lymph nodes

A

submandibular

62
Q

Lymph from the chin and central part of the lower lip drains to the ____

A

submental lymph nodes

63
Q

A thick, dense, bilaminar membrane. It is adherent to the internal table of the calvaria. External periosteal layer, formed by the periosteum covering the internal surface of the calvaria, and an internal meningeal layer

A

DURA MATER

63
Q

____ between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura

A

Endothelium-lined spaces

63
Q

The ____ divide the cranial cavity into compartments, forming partial partitions (dural septa) between certain parts of the brain and providing support for other parts

A

dura infoldings

64
Q

(Collections of arachnoid villi) are tufted prolongations of the arachnoid that protrude through the meningeal layer of the dura mater into the dural venous sinuses, especially the lateral lacunae and affect transfer of ____

A

CSF to the venous system

64
Q

Large veins from the surface of the brain empty into these sinuses and most of the blood from the brain ultimately drains through them into the ____

A

internal jugular veins (IJVs)

65
Q

The ___ also commence at the posterior end of the cavernous sinus. Each inferior petrosal sinus runs in a groove between the petrous part of the temporal bone and the basilar part of the occipital bone

A

inferior petrosal sinuses

65
Q

The ____ run from the posterior ends of the veins making up the cavernous sinus to the transverse sinuses at the site where these sinuses curve inferiorly to form the sigmoid sinuses

A

superior petrosal sinuses

66
Q

___ connect the dural venous sinuses with veins outside the cranium

A

Emissary veins

67
Q

_____ - (branches of ethmoidal arteries which are branches of maxillary artery (ECA)

A

Anterior meningeal artery

67
Q

The arachnoid mater and pia mater (or simply arachnoid and pia; together the ____). Develop from a single layer of ____ surrounding the embryonic brain, becoming the parietal part (arachnoid) and visceral part (pia) of the leptomeninx

A

leptomeninges - mesenchyme

67
Q

_____ and accessory meningeal artery: branches of maxillary artery (ECA)

A

Middle meningeal artery

67
Q

____ (terminal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery (ECA) & other meningeal branches

A

Posterior meningeal artery

68
Q

The dura-cranial interface (extradural or ___ “space”)

A

epidural

69
Q

The dura-arachnoid interface or junction (“___ space”)

A

subdural

70
Q

THE BRAIN, Composed of the ___, ____, and ___.

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem

70
Q

When the calvaria and dura are removed, ___ (folds), __ (grooves), and ___ (clefts) of the cerebral cortex are visible through the delicate arachnoid-pia layer

A

gyri, sulci, fissures

70
Q

The ____ space, between the arachnoid and pia

A

subarachnoid

71
Q

The ___ includes the cerebral hemispheres and basal ganglia

A

cerebrum

72
Q

The ___ is composed of the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus and forms the central core of the brain

A

diencephalon

72
Q

From a superior view, the cerebrum is essentially divided into quarters by the median ___ and the ___

A

longitudinal cerebral fissure - coronal central sulcus

73
Q

The ___, the rostral part of the brainstem, lies at the junction of the middle and posterior cranial fossae. CN III and IV are associated with the midbrain

A

midbrain

74
Q

The ___ is the part of the brainstem between the midbrain rostrally and the medulla oblongata caudally

A

pons

75
Q

SF drain into the ___ through a single median aperture and paired lateral apertures

A

subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle

75
Q

The ____ is the most caudal subdivision of the brainstem that is continuous with the spinal cord. The medulla lies in the posterior cranial fossa. CN IX, X, and XII are associated with the junction of the pons and medulla

A

medulla oblongata (medulla)

76
Q

The ___ is the large brain mass lying posterior to the pons and medulla and inferior to the posterior part of the cerebrum. It lies beneath the tentorium cerebelli in the posterior cranial fossa

A

cerebellum

76
Q

The pyramid-shaped ___ in the posterior part of the pons and medulla extends inferoposteriorly

A

4th ventricle

77
Q

Inferiorly, it tapers to a narrow channel that continues into the cervical region of the spinal cord as the ___

A

central canal

78
Q

The ____, (the 1st and 2nd ventricles) are largest cavities of the ventricular system and occupy large areas of the cerebral hemispheres

A

lateral ventricles

79
Q

The ___, a slit-like cavity between the right and the left halves of the diencephalon, is continuous postero-inferiorly with the cerebral aqeuduct, a narrow channel in the midbrain connecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

3rd ventricle

80
Q

____ : largest of the subarachnoid cisterns, located between the cerebellum and the medulla; receives CSF from the apertures of the 4th ventricle

A

Cerebellomedullary cistern

81
Q

___ (cistern of optic chiasma) : inferior and anterior to the optic chiasm, the point of crossing or decussation of optic nerve fibers

A

Interchiasmatic cistern

81
Q

____ : an extensive space ventral to the pons, continuous inferiorly with the spinal subarachnoid space

A

Pontocerebellar cistern (pontine cistern)

82
Q

_____ : located in the interpeduncular fossa between the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain

A

Interpeduncular cistern (basal cistern)

83
Q

____ (cistern of great cerebral vein) : located between the posterior part of the corpus callosum and the superior surface of the cerebellum; contains parts of the great cerebral vein

A

Quadrigeminal cistern

84
Q

____ (ambient cistern) : located on the lateral aspect of the midbrain and continuous posteriorly with the quadrigeminal cistern

A

Cisterna ambiens

85
Q

The ___ are connected by the anterior communicating artery

A

anterior cerebral arteries

86
Q

The internal carotid arteries course anteriorly through the cavernous sinuses with the ___ and in close proximity to the ____ and ____

A

abducent nerves (CN VI) - oculomotor (CN III) - trochlear (CN IV) nerves

86
Q

The _____ course anteriorly through the cavernous sinuses with the abducent nerves (CN VI) and in close proximity to the oculomotor (CN III) and trochlear (CN IV) nerves

A

internal carotid arteries

87
Q

Near their termination, the ____ are joined to the posterior cerebral arteries by the posterior communicating arteries, completing the cerebral arterial circle around the interpeduncular fossa

A

internal carotid arteries

88
Q

Near their termination, the internal carotid arteries are joined to the ___ by the ___, completing the cerebral arterial circle around the interpeduncular fossa

A

posterior cerebral arteries - posterior communicating arteries

89
Q

The ____ is drained by superior and inferior cerebellar veins, draining the respective aspect of the cerebellum into the transverse and sigmoid sinuses

A

cerebellum

90
Q

The ____ is a single, midline vein formed inside the brain by the union of two internal cerebral veins

A

great cerebral veinn (of Galen)

91
Q

Functions of the nose: ____, ____, ____, ____ of inspired air, and reception and elimination of secretions from the paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts

A

Olfaction (smelling), Respiration (breathing), Filtration of dust, Humidification

92
Q

BOUNDARIES: NASAL CAVITY
 The ___ is curved and narrow, except at its posterior end, where the hollow body of the sphenoid forms the roof
 It is divided into the three parts (___, ___, and ___)
 The___ of the nasal cavities are irregular owing to three bony plates, the ____, which project inferiorly, somewhat like louvers

A

roof
Frontonasal, Ethmoidal, and Sphenoidal
lateral walls - nasal conchae

93
Q

_____ - which includes the procerus muscle and the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle

A

Elevator muscle group

94
Q

_____ - which includes the alar nasalis muscle and the depressor septi nasi muscle

A

Depressor muscle group

95
Q

____ - which includes the transverse nasalis muscle

A

Compressor muscle group

95
Q

____ - which includes the dilator naris muscle that expands the nostrils

A

Dilator muscle group

96
Q

____: thin fibrous or bony process on the lateral nasal wall that arises slightly behind the anterior border of the middle turbinate and may narrow the passage from the nasal cavity to the ostiomeatal complex, depending on its degree of development

A

Uncinate process

96
Q

____: located between the posterior border of the uncinate process and the first ethmoid cell (the ethmoid bulla)

A

Semilunar hiatus

96
Q

____: connected to the ostiomeatal unit via the frontal recess, which has an hourglass-like shape

A

Frontal sinus

97
Q

____: space between the uncinate process, ethmoid bulla, and lamina papyracea of the ethmoid bone

A

Ethmoid infundibulum

98
Q

_____: most constant and largest anterior ethmoid air cell that projects inferomedially over hiatus seminularis

A

Ethmoid bulla

99
Q

The eye is the ___ and consists of the ___ and the ___

A

organ of vision - eyeball - optic nerve

99
Q

The orbit contains the ___ and its ____

A

eyeball - accessory visual structures

100
Q

____, which position the eyeballs and raise the superior eyelids

A

Extra-ocular muscles

100
Q

The orbital region is the area of the face ___ an includes the upper and lower eyellids and lacrimal apparatus

A

overlying the orbit and eyeball

100
Q

___, which bound the orbits anteriorly, controlling exposure of the anterior eyeball

A

Eyelids

101
Q

____ in transit to the eyeballs and muscles

A

Nerves and vessels

102
Q

____ lining the eyelids and anterior aspect of the eyeballs, and most of the lacrimal apparatus, which lubricates it

A

Mucous membrane (conjunctiva)

102
Q

____ surrounding the eyeballs and muscles

A

Orbital fascia

103
Q

The base of the orbit is outlined by the ____, which surrounds the orbital opening

A

orbital margin

104
Q

The superior wall (roof) is approximately horizontal and is formed mainly by the orbital part of the _____

A

frontal bone

105
Q

Near the apex of the orbit, the superior wall is formed by the ___

A

lesser wing of the sphenoid

106
Q

Anterolaterally, a shallow depression in the orbital part of the frontal bone. called the fossa for lacrimal gland (____)), accomodates the lacrimal gland

A

lacrimal fossa

107
Q

The medial walls of the contralateral orbits are essentially parallel and are formed primarily by the _____, along with contributions from the frontal process of the maxilla, lacrimal, and sphenoid bones

A

orbital plate of ethmoid bone

108
Q

___, the medial wall is indented by the lacrimal groove and fossa for lacrimal sac; the trochlea (pulley) for the tendon of one of the extra-ocular muscles is located superiorly

A

Anteriorly

108
Q

The inferior wall (orbital floor) is formed mainly by the ___ and partly by the ___ and ___ bones. The thin inferior wall is shared by the orbit and maxillary sinus. The inferior wall is demarcated from the lateral wall of the orbit by the ____, a gap between the orbital surfaces of the maxilla and the sphenoid

A

maxilla - zygomatic and palatine - inferior orbital fissure

108
Q

The lateral wall is formed by the ____ of the zygomatic bone and the ___ of the sphenoid. This is the strongest and thickest of the four walls, which is important because it is most exposed and vulnerable to direct trauma. Its posterior part separates the orbit from the temporal and middle cranial fossae

A

frontal process - greater wing

108
Q

The widest part of the orbit corresponds to the ___ an imaginary line encircling the eyeball equidistand from its anterior and posterior poles.

A

equator of the eyeball

108
Q

The___of the orbit is at the optic canal in the lesser wing of the sphenoid just medial to the superior orbital fissure

A

apex

Anatomy (4 decks)

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