Head and Neck

Question 1

First Branchial Arch derivates

Answer 1

Trigeminal nerve
Incus
Muscles mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor palati

Question 2

Second Branchial Arch derivates

Answer 2

Facial nerve
Stapes, styloid process, upper body of hyoid, cornu of hyoid
Posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius.

Question 3

Third Branchial Arch derivates

Answer 3

Glossopharyngeal
Lower body of hyoid, greater cornu
Stylopharyngeus

Question 4

Fourth to Sixth Branchial Arch derivates

Answer 4

Vagus, Laryngeal and Recurrent laryngeal
Thyroid, Aryteroid, corniculate and cuneiform
Pharynx, larynx, palate

Question 5

First Pharyngeal Pouch derivates

Answer 5

Eustacian tube, middle ear, mastoid, antrum

Question 6

Second Pharyngeal Pouch derivates

Answer 6

Palatine tonsil (tonsillar fossa)

Question 7

Third Pharyngeal Pouch derivates

Answer 7

Thymus, inferior parathyroid

Question 8

How many branchial arches

Answer 8

6

Question 9

How many pharyngeal pouches

Answer 9

4

Question 10

Fourth Pharyngeal Pouch derivates

Answer 10

superior parathyroid, part of thyroid

Question 11

Why do some people get thyroglossal cysts?

Answer 11

traces remaining of diverticulum from thyroglossal duct (foramen caecum)

Question 12

Why do some people get cleft lip?

Answer 12

failue of fusion of frontonasal ad maxillary processes

Question 13

Why do some people get cleft palate?

Answer 13

failure of fusion of primary (premaxillary) and secondary (hard and soft) palates

Question 14

Why do some people get spina bifida?

Answer 14

failure to fuse of neural arches

Question 15

What is the difference between spina bifida occulta and manifesta

Answer 15

occulta = vertebral anomaly, meninges intact
manifesta - meningicoele or meningomyelocoele - associated with hydrocephalus

Question 16

What are the fascial layers of the neck?

Answer 16

Platysma - superficial layer of muscle anterior neck
Investing fascial layer - around muscles of neck and partotid/submandibular glands
Prevertebral layer - vertebrae and prevertebral muscles. brachial and cervical plexuses, floor of posterior triangle
Pretracheal layer - hyoid to pericrardium. Thyroid, larynx, pharynx, trachea, oesophagus.

Question 17

Contents of carotid sheath

Answer 17

common (-internal) carotid artery
vagus nerve
internal jugular vein

Question 18

What is most lateral in the carotid sheath

Answer 18

IJV

Question 19

Borders of anterior triangle

Answer 19

ramus of mandible
midline of neck
anterior border of SCM

Question 20

Which nerve innervates the infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 20

ansa cervicalis

Question 21

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 21

sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thyromyoid
onohyoid

Question 22

What action do the infrahyoid muscles produce

Answer 22

open mouth against resistance

Question 23

Origins of common carotid arteries

Answer 23

right - brachiocephalic
left - aortic arch

Question 24

At what level does the common carotid bifurcate?

Answer 24

C3 - anterior thyroid

Question 25

How do you tell the difference between the internal and external carotid in the neck

Answer 25

internal carotid - in sheath and no branches

Question 26

What are the branches of the external carotid in the neck

Answer 26

Some Attendings Like Freaking Out Potential (Med Students) Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior auricular

Question 27

What are the terminal branches of the external carotid and where do the bifurcate?

Answer 27

Superficial temporal and maxillary In the parotid gland

Question 28

Where is the internal jugular vein formed?

Answer 28

continuation of sigmoid sinus jugular foramen

Question 29

What is the relation of the IJV to the ICA?

Answer 29

starts posterior and then lateral as it descends

Question 30

Where does the IJV terminate and what vein does it become?

Answer 30

between heads of the SCM IJV + subclavian = brachiocephalic

Question 31

What is the blood supply to the thyroid and the branches?

Answer 31

Superior thyroid - external carotid inferior thyroid - thyrocervical trunk of subclavian Thyrodica ima - variant - aotic arch Superior and middle thyroid veins - IJV Inferior thyroid vein - brachiocephalic

Question 32

What are the 3 compartments of the larynx?

Answer 32

supraglottic - above false cords glottic between false and tru cords infraglottic - true cords to 1st tracheal ring

Question 33

Lymphatic drainage of epiglottis

Answer 33

above cords - superficial below cords - deep

Question 34

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

Answer 34

nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

Question 35

Epithelium of the pharynx

Answer 35

naso - pseudostratified collumnar oro and laryngo into oesophagus = stratified squamous

Question 36

Borders of the posterior triangle

Answer 36

front - posterior border SCM back - anterior border trapezius apex - SCM and trapezius attachments base - middle 1/3 clavicle Floor - scalene roof - investing layer cervical fascia

Question 37

Relations of accessory nerve

Answer 37

posterior to SCM and under trapezius - supplies both sits on levator scapulae

Question 38

Course of phrenic nerve

Answer 38

cervical plexus - C234, lateral border scalene anterior - over the scalene anterior, lateral to subclavian vein - leaves neck between the subclavian artery and vein

Question 39

Branches of subclavian artery

Answer 39

vertebral internal mammary (thoracic) thyrocervical trunk costocervical trunk termiates at axillary artery

Question 40

brachial plexus relations to scalenes and subclavian artery

Answer 40

between scalene anterior and medius, which are btih infront of artery.

Question 41

Where is Erb's point on brachial plexus?

Answer 41

C5-6

Question 42

Where is Klumpke's point on brachial plexus

Answer 42

C8-T1

Question 43

Brachial plexus sections

Answer 43

roots (5) trunks (3) divisions (6) cords (3)

Question 44

Where does the long thoracic come of brachial plexus?

Answer 44

roots c3,4,5

Question 45

Where does Supraspinatus come off brachial plexus?

Answer 45

upper branch

Question 46

Where does Supraspinatus come off brachial plexus?

Answer 46

upper trunk

Question 47

Where do subscapularis and thoracodorsal come off brachial plexus?

Answer 47

posterior cord

Question 48

How many nuclei facial nerve?

Answer 48

4 motor trigeminal (sensory) solitarus (taste) salivary (preganglionic parasympathetic)

Question 49

Where does rigeminal nerve originate?

Answer 49

pons

Question 50

Where does the facial nerve converge when leaving the brainstem?

Answer 50

cerebello pontine angle

Question 51

where does the trigemnial nerve converge

Answer 51

meckels cave

Question 52

What foramen does the facial nerve branch through?

Answer 52

internal auditory meatus greater petrosal nerve - formaen lacerum

Question 53

What foramina do the trigeminal nerve branches pass though?

Answer 53

ophthalmic - suprioe orbital fissue maxillary - rotundum mandibular - foramen ovale

Question 54

What is the first branch of the facial nerve and where?

Answer 54

greater petrosal at the geniculate ganglion before entering the middle ear

Question 55

What are the branches of the facial nerve before entering the stylomastoid foramen

Answer 55

posterior auricular and chorda tympani nerve to stapedius

Question 56

What does the chorda tympani supply?

Answer 56

submandubular and lacrimal glands taste anterior 2/3 tongue

Question 57

what muscles does the trigeminal nerve supply?

Answer 57

muscles of mastication masseter temporalis medial and lateral pterygoids anterior belly digasttric mylohyoid tensor tympani and palatini

Question 58

where do the motor fibres if trigeminal nerve run?

Answer 58

along the mandibular branch

Question 59

Most superficial structure passing thorugh submandubular gland

Answer 59

marginal mandibular nerve

Question 60

Artery damaged during excision of submandibular gland

Answer 60

facial

Question 61

name for submandibular gland

Answer 61

whartons ducts