Head and Neck 1 Flashcards
What is the most common type of joint between the bones of the skull?
Suture joint (fibrous)
What are the 3 parts that the skull can be divided into?
Neuro-cranium
Facial skull (viscera-cranium)
Mandible
What part of the skull is A?
Neuro-cranium
What part of the skull is B?
Facial skull (viscera-cranium)
What part of the skull is C?
Mandible
What is A?
Compact bone
What is B?
Spongy bone
What are the 3 layers of the skull bone?
Compact bone, spongy bone, compact bone
Which part of the skull bone houses red marrow?
Spongy bone
What is A?
Parietal bone
What is B?
Sagittal suture
What is C?
Coronal suture
What is D?
Frontal bone
What is E?
Nasal bone
What is F?
Sphenoid bone
What is G?
Temporal bone
What is H?
Occipital bone
What is I?
Lambdoid suture
What does the sagittal suture connect?
Left and right parietal bone
What does the coronal suture connect?
Left/right parietal and frontal bone
What does the lambdoid suture connect?
Left/right parietal and occipital bone
What kind of bones are bones of the facial skeleton?
Irregular
What do the facial bones give attachment to?
Muscles of the tongue, mastication and pharynx
What is A?
Frontal bone
What is B?
Zygomatic bone
What is C?
Maxilla bone
Mandible
What is E?
Ethmoid bone
What is F?
Nasal bone
List some bony prominences of the skull?
Occipital protuberance
Mastoid process
Zygomatic arch
Styloid process
Occipital condyles
What bone is the occipital protuberance apart of?
Occipital bone
What bone is the mastoid process apart of?
Temporal bone
Which bone is the zygomatic arch apart of?
Temporal bone and zygomatic bone
Which bone is the styloid process apart of?
Temporal bone
Which bone is the occipital condyles apart of?
Occipital bone
What are the 3 fossae of the cranial cavity?
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
What is A?
Greater wing of sphenoid
What is B?
Lesser wing of sphenoid
What is C?
Floor of sphenoid
What is A?
Maxilla
What is B?
Vomer
What is C?
Zygomatic
What is D?
Frontal
What is E?
Sphenoid
What is F?
Temporal bone
What is G?
Parietal
What is H?
Occipital
What is the largest formina cranium?
Foramen magnum
What 2 structures pass through the foramen magnum?
Medulla and meninges
Right and left vertebral arteries
What are the sockets for eyeballs called?
Orbits
What is the function of air sinuses and sacs?
Decrease the weight of the skull
Where are the ear ossicles found?
Within the petrous part of the temporal bone
What are the borders of the scalp?
Anterior - eyebrows
Posterior - superior nochal lines
Lateral - superior temporal line
What bone forms the zygomatic arch anteriorly?
Zygomatic bone
What bone forms the zygomatic arch posteriorly?
Temporal bone
What type of joint is present between the two bones of the zygomatic arch?
Suture (fibrous joint)
What are the 5 layers of the scalp?
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis of the occipitofrontal muscle (epicranial aponeurosis)
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
(remember SCALP)
What is A?
Skin
What is B?
Connective tissue
What is C?
Loose connective tissue
What is D?
Skull bones (cranium)
What is E?
Meninges
What does the epicranial aponeurosis connect?
Anterior (frontal) and posterior (occipital) bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle
What is the action produced by the contraction of the anterior belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
Lift eye brows and eye lids
What is the innervation of the anterior part of the scalp (anterior to auricle or external ear)?
Three branches of the trigeminal nerve
What is the innervation of the posterior part of the scalp (posterior to auricle or external ear)?
Branches of spinal nerves C2 and C3
What structure forms from the ventral rami of C5-T1 and what does it innervate?
Brachial plexus
Innervates the upper limbs
In which layer of the scalp are blood vessels present?
Connective tissue layer
Do wounds to the scalp bleed profusely or sparingly, and why?
Profusely, because fibrous fascia prevents vasoconstriction
Which of the scalp arteries are branches of the internal carotid artery?
Supratrochlear artery
Supra-orbital artery
Which of the scalp arteries are branches of the external carotid artery?
Superficial temporal artery
Posterior auricular artery
Occipital artery
What is A?
Supratrochlear artery
What is B?
Supra-orbital artery
What is C?
Superficial temporal artery
What is D?
Posterior auricular artery
What is E?
Occipital artery
What pulse is felt anterior to the tragus of the ear?
Superficial temporal artery (STA)
What is A?
Subclavian vein
What is B?
External jugular vein
What is C?
Superficial temporal vein
What is D?
Supra-orbital vein
What is E?
Supratrochlear vein
What is F
Facial vein
What is G?
Submental vein
What is H?
Internal jugular vein
What do the scalp veins anastomose with?
Each other and diploid veins in the skull bones (and through these to the venous sinuses of the brain)
What do the scalp veins anastomose with each other through?
Valveless veins called emissary veins
What is diploe?
Spongy cancellous bone seperating innter and outer layers of corical bone of the skull
What potential grave complication could arise from scalp infections due to presence of emissary veins?
Subdural haematoma
Where are the lymph nodes in the scalp?
There are none
How does lymph drain away from the scalp?
Through lymph nodes of the head and neck
What are the muscles of facial expression important for?
Communication, particularly emotion
Functional roles such as opening/closing of openings in the face (eyes, nares, mouth)
What do the muscles of facial expression lie within?
Superficial fascia of the face and neck
How do the muscles of facial expression differ from other skeletal muscles in terms of position and attachment?
Position - they are superficial not deep
Attachment - attach to each other or skin instead of bone
What is A?
Palpebral part of orbicularis occuli
What is B?
Orbital part of orbicularis occuli
What is C?
Orbicularis oris
What is D?
Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis
What is E?
Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis
What is G?
Buccinator
What is F?
Platysma
What innervates all the muscles of facial expression?
Cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)
Which foramen does the facial nerve emerge from as it leaves the skull?
Stylomastoid foramen
What are the two bony points at either side of the stylomastoid foramen?
Styloid process
Mastoid process
What is the gland on the side of the face?
Parotid gland
Where does the facial nerve split into its terminal branches?
Once it enters the substance of the parotid gland, emerging from the anterior border of the gland as terminal branches
What would happen to eyelids as a result of facial palsy?
Lower eyelid turns outwards
Cannot blink
What would happen to the corner of the mouth due to facial palsy?
Drooping
What would happen to the cheek during chewing due to facial palsy?
Food accumulates
What is the largest salivary gland?
Parotid gland
What are the 3 salivary glands?
Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
Where are small and unnamed salivary glands found?
Mucosa of the soft palate, cheeks and tongue which empty there secretions into the mouth
What are the borders of the parotid gland?
Superior - zygomatic arch
Inferior - angle of mandible
Posterior - anterior of the external auditory meatus
What type of gland is the parotid gland?
Exocrine
How do exocrine and endocrine glands differ?
Endocrine - secretes into blood
Exocrine - secretes into ducts to target tissue
What nerve branches can you see emerging from the anterior border of the parotid gland?
Facial nerve (CN VII) branches
The parotid gland is superfical to what muscle, and what muscle does it pierces?
Superficial to masseter
Pierces the buccinator
Opposite what tooth does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity?
Second upper molar tooth
What cranial nerve, artery and vein enter/leave the parotid gland?
Cranial nerve - facial nerve
Artery - external carotid artery
Vein - retromandibular vein
What innervates the parotid gland?
Sympathetic - superor cervical ganglion
Parasympathetic - glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
What division of the autonomic nervous system would be secretomotor to the parotid salivary gland?
Parasympathetic
What is sensory innervation of the face provided by?
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
What are the 3 main branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?
Opthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Mandibular nerve (V3)
What dermatome is A?
CN V1
What dermatome is B?
CN V2
What dermatome is C?
CN V3
What dermatome is D?
C2
What dermatome is E?
C3
What dermatome is F?
C5
What dermatome is G?
C4
What dermatome is H?
V2
What is A?
Superficial temporal artery
What is B?
Facial artery
What artery are the facial and superficial arteries branches of?
External carotid artery
What bone does the facial artery wind around the reach the face?
Inferior border of mandible
What muscle on the side of the face lies immediately posterior to the facial artery as it enters onto the face?
Superficial masseter
Just before the facial artery enters the side of the face, what gland does it groove?
Parotid gland
Where does the facial artery end?
Medial commisure of eyes as angular artery
What is A?
Superficial temporal vein (retromandibular vein)
What is B?
Facial vein
What is C?
Internal jugular vein
What is D?
Posterior external jugular vein
What is E?
External jugular vein
What is F?
Posterior auricular vein
What is G?
Occipital vein
Which vein does the facial vein and superficial temporal vein drain into?
Internal carotid vein
