Head Flashcards
Parts of temoporal bone
Squamous, petrous, mastoid, tympanic
What attaches to superior and inferior temporal lines?
Temporalis (Mandibular nerve V3)
What opens onto the temporal bone?
External auditory meatus
What bony prominence lies posterior to the external acoustic meatus?
Mastoid process
Clinical significance of the communication between middle ear and mastoid process?
Chronic otitis media can result in infection of the mastoid process of the temporal bone
What is the bony protuberance from the temporal bone anterior to the mastoid process?
Styloid process
What bones articulate at the pterion?
Forntal, temporal, parietal, sphenoid
What bones form the floor of the anterior cranial fossa?
Ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal bones
In what bone is the cribiform plate, what passes through it and what is its clinical significance?
- Ethmoid bone
- Olfactory nerves
- Fracture results in CSF leak- rhinorrhoea
What is the bony projection upwards in the midline of the ethmoid bone, what is its function and what lies anterior to it?
- Crista galli
- Attachment of falx cerebri
- Foramen cecum (passes to nasal cavity)
What part of the brain lies in the middle cranial fossa?
Temporal lobes
Borders of middle cranial fossa? Anteriorly Posteriorly Laterally Floor
Anterior: Greater and lesser wings of sphenoid
Posterior: Petrous temporal bone
Lateral: Squamous temporal bone, parietal bone, greater wing of sphenoid
Floor: Temporal bones, greater wing of sphenoid
3 structures passing into orbit from middle cranial fossa via optic canal
Optic nerve
Ophthalmic artery (branch of ICA)
Central retinal vein
Structures passing through superior orbital fissure
Occulomotor nerve Ophthalmic veins- superior and inferior Trochlear nerve Ophthalmic nerve (V1) Abducens nerve
Foramen rotundum connects which 2 spaces?
What does it transmit?
Pterygopalatine fossa and middle cranial fossa Maxillary nerve (V2)
Foramen ovale connects which 2 spaces?
What does it transmit?
Middle cranial fossa and infratemporal fossa Mandibular nerve (V3), accessory meningeal artery
Foramen spinosum connects which 2 spaces and transmits what structure?
Middle cranial fossa to infratemporal fossa
Middle meningeal artery
What opening lies medial to foramen ovale and spinosum? What passes through it
Foramen lacerum
Nothing!
What do the ridges on the anterior petrous temporal bone transmit?
Greater and lesser petrosal nerves
Path and function of greater petrosal nerve?
Efferent fibres of parasympathetic fibres from facial nerve to lacrimal gland. Facial nerve damage causes dry eyes!
Path and function of lesser petrosal nerve?
Via otic ganglion to join chorda tympani and supply taste to anterior 2/3 tongue
What space lies inferior to sella turcica?
Sphenoid sinus
What attaches to the posterior cliniod processes?
Tentorium cerebelli
What part of the brain lies in the posterior cranial fossa?
Cerebellum and brainstem
Borders of posterior cranial fossa? Anterior Posterior Floor Roof
Anterior: Petrois temporal bone, occipital bone
Posterior: Occipital bone
Floor: Occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone
Roof: Tentorium cerebelli
What 3 structures pass through internal auditory meatus?
Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Labyrinthine artery
What cranial foramen lies between petrous temporal bone and occipital bone?
Jugular foramen
What passes through the jugular foramen?
Inferior petrosal sinus and Sigmoid sinus-> internal jugular vein
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve
Where is the hypoglossal canal relative to the jugular foramen?
Medial
What passes through the foramen magnum?
Brainstem (medulla) Spinal accessory nerve Vertebral arteries Anterior and posterior spinal artery Venous plexus of vertebral canal
Contents of cavernous sinus
Occulomotor nerve- lateral Trochlear nerve- lateral Ophthalmic nerve (V1)- lateral Maxillary nerve (V2)- lateral Internal carotid artery- medial Abducens nerve -medial
Structures passing through foramen ovale
Otic ganglion V3- mandibular nerve Accessory meningeal artery Lesser petrosal nerve (passes to tongue for taste with chorda tympani) Emissary veins
What foramen lies just anterior to styloid process and what does it transmit?
Stylomastoid foramen
Facial nerve exits skull via this pathway
What passes through the infraorbital foramen?
Infraorbital nerve, artery and vein
Nerve is a branch of V2
What passes through zygomatic foramen?
Zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels
Nerve is a branch of V2
What passes through the mental foramen?
Mental nerve (branch of V3) Mental artery and vein
What passes from infratemporal fossa to orbit via inferior orbital fissure?
Zygomatic nerve, branch of V2
What passes through the supraorbital notch?
Supraorbital nerve (branch of V1) and vessels
Drainage of anterior ethmoid sinus
Middle nasal meatus
Drainage of middle ethmoidal sinus
Middle nasal meatus
Drainage of posterior ethmoidal sinus
Superior nasal meatus
Drainage of frontal sinus
Middle nasal meatus
Drainage of sphenoid sinus
Sphenoethmoidal recess (above superior meatus)
Drainage of maxillary sinus
Hiatus semilunaris (superior aspect of middle meatus)
Arteries supplying nasal cavity
Ophthalmic artery- from ICA
-Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries supply lateral wall and septum
Maxillary artery- from ECA
- Sphenopalatine artery
- Descending palatine
Facial artery- from ECA
-Superior labial artery
What is the mandibular foramen and what passes through it?
Opening on mandible connecting to mandibular canal
Transmits inferior alveolar nerve and vessels
What muscles lie in the infratemporal fossa?
Medial and lateral pterygoid
muscles of mastication innervated by V3
What artery lies in the infratemporal fossa?
Maxillary artery
What nerves lie in the infratemporal fossa?
Chorda tympani
Branches of V3
Sensory innervation to the scalp
V1- Supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves
V2- Zygomaticotemporal nerve
V3- Auriculotemporal nerve
C2- Greater occipital and spinal nerves
Which is the largest salivary gland?
Parotid gland
Surface markings of parotid gland?
Superior: zygomatic arch
Anterior: mandible and muscles of mastication
Posterior: EAM and mastoid process
Medially: styloid process
What passes through the parotid gland, dividing it into superficial and deep parts?
Facial nerve.
This is the landmark for a superficial parotidectomy
Blood vessels and nerve located at upper border of parotid, anterior to ear?
Superficial temporal artery and vein
Auriculotemporal nerve
What is the duct associated with the parotid gland?
Stensen’s duct
Course of the parotid duct
Begins at anterior aspect of parotid gland, pierces buccinator and opens into oral cavity opposite 2nd upper molar
What 3 structures cross the parotid duct?
Facial nerve
Retromandibular vein
External carotid artery
What ganglion supplies parasympathetic innervation to the parotid duct and how?
Otic ganglion
Glossopharyngeal fibres from salivary nucleus follow tympanic branch to lesser petrosal nerve preganglionic fibres to otic ganglion then postganglionic fibres of auriculotemporal nerve to gland
Path of sympathetic innervation to parotid gland?
External carotid artery
Which are the smallest salivary glands?
Sublingual
Where do sublingual salivary ducts open?
Floor of mouth
Where does the submandibular duct open?
Lateral to frenulum of tongue
Major blood vessels of the submandibular region?
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Both from external carotid artery
Parasympathetic innervation to sublingual and submandibular glands?
Facial nerve via corda tympani and facial nerve
Within what structure does the facial nerve divide and into how many branches?
Parotid gland
5 branches
What 2 branches of the cervical plexus innervate behind the ear?
C2 and C3- lesser occipital and greater auricular nerves
Ophthalmic nerve from CNV1 gives off which branches
Frontal nerve leading to supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves
Lacrimal nerve
Infratrochlear nerve
External nasal nerve
3 major branches of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
Auriculotemporal, buccal and mental nerves
Facial artery course and branches
Deep to digastric and stylohyoid and submandibular gland
Enters anterior margin of masseter
Branches: superior labial, inferior labial, lateral nasal and angular arteries
Which 1 tongue muscle is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?
Palatoglossus- innervated by vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus
What is the pharynx?
Muscular tube for food and air to pass to oesophagus and larynx/trachea respectively
2 groups of muscles form the pharynx
External circular constrictor muscles
Internal longitudinal muscles
Function and innervation of pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Superior, middle and inferior constrictors under involuntary, autonomic control to propel food into oesophagus
Innervated by pharyngeal and superior laryngeal branches of vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus. Damage to vagus nerve in neck results in dysphagia
What are the 3 internal, longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
Stylopharyngeus (glossopharyngeal nerve)
Palatopharyngeus (vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus)
Salpingopharyngeus (vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus)
Boundaries of anterior cranial fossa
Anteriorly and laterally: frontal bone. (medially is limbus of sphenoid bone, a groove between optic canals).
Posteriorly and laterally: lesser wings of sphenoid bone
Floor: frontal, ethmoid and the anterior aspects of the body and lesser wings of sphenoid
Boundaries of middle cranial fossa
Anteriorly and laterally: lesser wings of sphenoid
Anteriorly and medially: limbus of sphenoid (a groove between optic canals).
Posteriorly and laterally: superior border of petrous temporal bone.
Posteriorly and medially: dorsum sellae of sphenoid bone
Floor: body and greater wing of sphenoid, squamous and petrous temporal bones
Boundaries of posterior cranial fossa
Anteriorly and medially: dorsum sellae of sphenoid
Anteriorly and laterally: superior petrous temporal bone.
Posteriorly: occipital bone
Floor: mastoid part of temporal bone and occipital bone.
