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MRCS Part B > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of temoporal bone

A

Squamous, petrous, mastoid, tympanic

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2
Q

What attaches to superior and inferior temporal lines?

A

Temporalis (Mandibular nerve V3)

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3
Q

What opens onto the temporal bone?

A

External auditory meatus

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4
Q

What bony prominence lies posterior to the external acoustic meatus?

A

Mastoid process

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5
Q

Clinical significance of the communication between middle ear and mastoid process?

A

Chronic otitis media can result in infection of the mastoid process of the temporal bone

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6
Q

What is the bony protuberance from the temporal bone anterior to the mastoid process?

A

Styloid process

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7
Q

What bones articulate at the pterion?

A

Forntal, temporal, parietal, sphenoid

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8
Q

What bones form the floor of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal bones

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9
Q

In what bone is the cribiform plate, what passes through it and what is its clinical significance?

A
  1. Ethmoid bone
  2. Olfactory nerves
  3. Fracture results in CSF leak- rhinorrhoea
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10
Q

What is the bony projection upwards in the midline of the ethmoid bone, what is its function and what lies anterior to it?

A
  1. Crista galli
  2. Attachment of falx cerebri
  3. Foramen cecum (passes to nasal cavity)
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11
Q

What part of the brain lies in the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal lobes

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12
Q 
Borders of middle cranial fossa?
Anteriorly
Posteriorly
Laterally
Floor
A

Anterior: Greater and lesser wings of sphenoid
Posterior: Petrous temporal bone
Lateral: Squamous temporal bone, parietal bone, greater wing of sphenoid
Floor: Temporal bones, greater wing of sphenoid

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13
Q

3 structures passing into orbit from middle cranial fossa via optic canal

A

Optic nerve
Ophthalmic artery (branch of ICA)
Central retinal vein

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14
Q

Structures passing through superior orbital fissure

A 
Occulomotor nerve
Ophthalmic veins- superior and inferior
Trochlear nerve
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Abducens nerve
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15
Q

Foramen rotundum connects which 2 spaces?

What does it transmit?

A 
Pterygopalatine fossa and middle cranial fossa
Maxillary nerve (V2)
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16
Q

Foramen ovale connects which 2 spaces?

What does it transmit?

A 
Middle cranial fossa and infratemporal fossa
Mandibular nerve (V3), accessory meningeal artery
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17
Q

Foramen spinosum connects which 2 spaces and transmits what structure?

A

Middle cranial fossa to infratemporal fossa

Middle meningeal artery

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18
Q

What opening lies medial to foramen ovale and spinosum? What passes through it

A

Foramen lacerum

Nothing!

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19
Q

What do the ridges on the anterior petrous temporal bone transmit?

A

Greater and lesser petrosal nerves

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20
Q

Path and function of greater petrosal nerve?

A

Efferent fibres of parasympathetic fibres from facial nerve to lacrimal gland. Facial nerve damage causes dry eyes!

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21
Q

Path and function of lesser petrosal nerve?

A

Via otic ganglion to join chorda tympani and supply taste to anterior 2/3 tongue

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22
Q

What space lies inferior to sella turcica?

A

Sphenoid sinus

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23
Q

What attaches to the posterior cliniod processes?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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24
Q

What part of the brain lies in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Cerebellum and brainstem

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25
Q 
Borders of posterior cranial fossa?
Anterior
Posterior
Floor
Roof
A

Anterior: Petrois temporal bone, occipital bone
Posterior: Occipital bone
Floor: Occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone
Roof: Tentorium cerebelli

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26
Q

What 3 structures pass through internal auditory meatus?

A

Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Labyrinthine artery

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27
Q

What cranial foramen lies between petrous temporal bone and occipital bone?

A

Jugular foramen

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28
Q

What passes through the jugular foramen?

A

Inferior petrosal sinus and Sigmoid sinus-> internal jugular vein
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve

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29
Q

Where is the hypoglossal canal relative to the jugular foramen?

A

Medial

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30
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum?

A 
Brainstem (medulla)
Spinal accessory nerve
Vertebral arteries
Anterior and posterior spinal artery
Venous plexus of vertebral canal
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31
Q

Contents of cavernous sinus

A 
Occulomotor nerve- lateral
Trochlear nerve- lateral
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)- lateral
Maxillary nerve (V2)- lateral
Internal carotid artery- medial
Abducens nerve -medial
32
Q

Structures passing through foramen ovale

A 
Otic ganglion
V3- mandibular nerve
Accessory meningeal artery
Lesser petrosal nerve (passes to tongue for taste with chorda tympani)
Emissary veins
33
Q

What foramen lies just anterior to styloid process and what does it transmit?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

Facial nerve exits skull via this pathway

34
Q

What passes through the infraorbital foramen?

A

Infraorbital nerve, artery and vein

Nerve is a branch of V2

35
Q

What passes through zygomatic foramen?

A

Zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels

Nerve is a branch of V2

36
Q

What passes through the mental foramen?

A 
Mental nerve (branch of V3)
Mental artery and vein
37
Q

What passes from infratemporal fossa to orbit via inferior orbital fissure?

A

Zygomatic nerve, branch of V2

38
Q

What passes through the supraorbital notch?

A

Supraorbital nerve (branch of V1) and vessels

39
Q

Drainage of anterior ethmoid sinus

A

Middle nasal meatus

40
Q

Drainage of middle ethmoidal sinus

A

Middle nasal meatus

41
Q

Drainage of posterior ethmoidal sinus

A

Superior nasal meatus

42
Q

Drainage of frontal sinus

A

Middle nasal meatus

43
Q

Drainage of sphenoid sinus

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess (above superior meatus)

44
Q

Drainage of maxillary sinus

A

Hiatus semilunaris (superior aspect of middle meatus)

45
Q

Arteries supplying nasal cavity

A

Ophthalmic artery- from ICA
-Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries supply lateral wall and septum

Maxillary artery- from ECA

  • Sphenopalatine artery
  • Descending palatine

Facial artery- from ECA
-Superior labial artery

46
Q

What is the mandibular foramen and what passes through it?

A

Opening on mandible connecting to mandibular canal

Transmits inferior alveolar nerve and vessels

47
Q

What muscles lie in the infratemporal fossa?

A

Medial and lateral pterygoid

muscles of mastication innervated by V3

48
Q

What artery lies in the infratemporal fossa?

A

Maxillary artery

49
Q

What nerves lie in the infratemporal fossa?

A

Chorda tympani

Branches of V3

50
Q

Sensory innervation to the scalp

A

V1- Supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves
V2- Zygomaticotemporal nerve
V3- Auriculotemporal nerve
C2- Greater occipital and spinal nerves

51
Q

Which is the largest salivary gland?

A

Parotid gland

52
Q

Surface markings of parotid gland?

A

Superior: zygomatic arch
Anterior: mandible and muscles of mastication
Posterior: EAM and mastoid process
Medially: styloid process

53
Q

What passes through the parotid gland, dividing it into superficial and deep parts?

A

Facial nerve.

This is the landmark for a superficial parotidectomy

54
Q

Blood vessels and nerve located at upper border of parotid, anterior to ear?

A

Superficial temporal artery and vein

Auriculotemporal nerve

55
Q

What is the duct associated with the parotid gland?

A

Stensen’s duct

56
Q

Course of the parotid duct

A

Begins at anterior aspect of parotid gland, pierces buccinator and opens into oral cavity opposite 2nd upper molar

57
Q

What 3 structures cross the parotid duct?

A

Facial nerve
Retromandibular vein
External carotid artery

58
Q

What ganglion supplies parasympathetic innervation to the parotid duct and how?

A

Otic ganglion
Glossopharyngeal fibres from salivary nucleus follow tympanic branch to lesser petrosal nerve preganglionic fibres to otic ganglion then postganglionic fibres of auriculotemporal nerve to gland

59
Q

Path of sympathetic innervation to parotid gland?

A

External carotid artery

60
Q

Which are the smallest salivary glands?

A

Sublingual

61
Q

Where do sublingual salivary ducts open?

A

Floor of mouth

62
Q

Where does the submandibular duct open?

A

Lateral to frenulum of tongue

63
Q

Major blood vessels of the submandibular region?

A

Lingual artery
Facial artery
Both from external carotid artery

64
Q

Parasympathetic innervation to sublingual and submandibular glands?

A

Facial nerve via corda tympani and facial nerve

65
Q

Within what structure does the facial nerve divide and into how many branches?

A

Parotid gland

5 branches

66
Q

What 2 branches of the cervical plexus innervate behind the ear?

A

C2 and C3- lesser occipital and greater auricular nerves

67
Q

Ophthalmic nerve from CNV1 gives off which branches

A

Frontal nerve leading to supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves
Lacrimal nerve
Infratrochlear nerve
External nasal nerve

68
Q

3 major branches of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

A

Auriculotemporal, buccal and mental nerves

69
Q

Facial artery course and branches

A

Deep to digastric and stylohyoid and submandibular gland
Enters anterior margin of masseter
Branches: superior labial, inferior labial, lateral nasal and angular arteries

70
Q

Which 1 tongue muscle is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Palatoglossus- innervated by vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus

71
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Muscular tube for food and air to pass to oesophagus and larynx/trachea respectively

72
Q

2 groups of muscles form the pharynx

A

External circular constrictor muscles

Internal longitudinal muscles

73
Q

Function and innervation of pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A

Superior, middle and inferior constrictors under involuntary, autonomic control to propel food into oesophagus
Innervated by pharyngeal and superior laryngeal branches of vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus. Damage to vagus nerve in neck results in dysphagia

74
Q

What are the 3 internal, longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

Stylopharyngeus (glossopharyngeal nerve)
Palatopharyngeus (vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus)
Salpingopharyngeus (vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus)

75
Q

Boundaries of anterior cranial fossa

A

Anteriorly and laterally: frontal bone. (medially is limbus of sphenoid bone, a groove between optic canals).
Posteriorly and laterally: lesser wings of sphenoid bone
Floor: frontal, ethmoid and the anterior aspects of the body and lesser wings of sphenoid

76
Q

Boundaries of middle cranial fossa

A

Anteriorly and laterally: lesser wings of sphenoid
Anteriorly and medially: limbus of sphenoid (a groove between optic canals).
Posteriorly and laterally: superior border of petrous temporal bone.
Posteriorly and medially: dorsum sellae of sphenoid bone
Floor: body and greater wing of sphenoid, squamous and petrous temporal bones

77
Q

Boundaries of posterior cranial fossa

A

Anteriorly and medially: dorsum sellae of sphenoid
Anteriorly and laterally: superior petrous temporal bone.
Posteriorly: occipital bone
Floor: mastoid part of temporal bone and occipital bone.

MRCS Part B (9 decks)

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