HEA 411 Final Exam Flashcards
Draw the Social Cognitive Theory
Accuracy
What is Reciprocal Determinism?
theory of social learning that behavior is influenced by the individual, the environment, and the environment
Who created the Social Cognitive Theory?
Albert Bandure
What are the constructs of SCT?
- Outcome expectations
- Outcome expectancies
- Self-efficacy
- Behavioral capacity
What is Outcome expectations in SCT?
Beliefs about what will happen if the behavior is performed, what are the consequences
What is Outcome expectancies in SCT?
Evaluation of outcomes or consequences of behavior
What is the behavioral capacity in SCT?
Actual ability to do the behavior (actual skill)
What are the process of change in SCT?
- Try behavior
Observe others
Hear what happens
(Experience Consequences) - Skills training
- Personal mastery
Vicarious experience
Verbal persuasion
Diminish arousal - Reinforcement
What process of change impacts outcome expectations and expectancies?
Try behavior
Observe others
Hear what happens
(Experience Consequences)
What process of change impacts Behavioral Capacity?
Skills training
What process of change impacts Self-efficacy?
Personal mastery
Vicarious experience
Verbal persuasion
Diminish arousal
What process of change impacts behavior
Reinforcement
What are the pros of SCT?
Self-efficacy is a powerful construct with considerable support.
Principles with tools and methods for change as well as prediction.
What are the cons of SCT?
Hard to tell how the many different constructs are inter-related
So many constructs
Measurement is weak for all but self-efficacy
What is an intervention?
the program or combination of
activities that is implemented in order to
facilitate change
What are stratagies/activities?
the specific events,
experiences, components that collectively
form the intervention
What are micro interventions?
planned and implemented for individuals
What are macro interventions
planned and implemented for a group of people
community-wide
What are communication Activities?
Courses, Seminars, Workshops
Brochures, Supplemental Written Materials
Internet-Based Learning
Best at Increasing awareness
Increasing knowledge
Changing/Reinforcing attitudes
Maintaining Interest
What are educational Activities?
Most effective at:
Increasing Knowledge
Supporting Attitude Change
Enhancing Skill Development
Behavior Modification
Used in individual level interventions
Focused on specific behavior/behavior pattern
Based on altering stimuli and reinforcing
consequences
Environmental Activities
Altering or controlling environment to
support changes in knowledge, attitudes,
behaviors, skills
“forced choice” vs. voluntary choice
activities
Regulatory Activities
Policy/Regulation Changes
Often considered mandates
Controversial in nature
Should be community-driven
Clear communication upon initiation
What is the role of theory in designing interventions?
Behavioral determinants are expressed in
terms of a theoretical foundation
What is segmentation?
a way to divide the priority population into smaller,
more homogeneous or similar groups
What is the criteria for segmentations
Measurable, Substantial, Accessible, Differentiable, Actionable
Define Measurable Criteria
How many people in each segment & can the factors
be measured
Define Substantial Criteria
is the segment large enough & profitable enough to
reach enough people to make a difference
Define Accessible Criteria
can the segment be reached & services delivered?
Define Differentiable Criteria
are segments different enough that they will react
differently to marketing strategies
Define Actionable Criteria
can products be created to attract segments?
What is the diffusion theory?
provides an explanation for the
diffusion of innovations (something new) in populations; or stated a little
differently, it explains the pattern of adoption of the innovations
What is the first step of the marketing process?
Using marketing research to determine the needs and desires
What is the second step of the marketing process?
Developing a product that satisfies the needs and desires of the clients
What is the third step of the marketing process?
Developing informative & persuasive communication flows
What is the fourth step of the marketing process?
Ensuring that the product is provided in an appropriate manner
What is the fifth step of the marketing process?
Keeping clients satisfied and loyal
Product
what is being offered to meet the customers’ needs;
types: information, ideas, goods, services, events, & behaviors
Price
what it costs the priority population to obtain the product & its associated benefits; barriers – keep people from responding
to an intervention or doing a behavior; other prices: behavioral, time, effort, physical, psychological/emotional, social
Place
where will priority population access the product or
where they might engage in the behavior; convenient?
Promotion
communication strategy; advertising many types:
direct, Internet, sales, public relations; brand – something that identifies the seller’s good or service: what’s in a name?
Implementation
the act of converting planning, goals, and objectives into action
through administrative structure, management activities, policies,
procedures, and regulations, and organizational actions of new programs
What are the phases of implementation
- Adoption of the program - a part of marketing
- Identifying & prioritizing the tasks to be completed
- Establishing a system of management
- Putting the plans into action
- Ending or sustaining a program
Pilot testing
trying the program out with a small group from the
priority population to identify any problems
Phased-in
limiting the number of people who are exposed then
gradually increasing the numbers; by offerings, by location, by ability,
by number
Management
“the process of achieving results through
controlling human, financial, and technical resources”
what should you do on the first day of implementation
Kick off in style
* Seek news coverage, if appropriate
* Consider a news hook; e.g., day in history
* Special event; use of celebrities
saftey and medical staff
Most programs are to improve health, thus do not put
participants in danger
ethical concerns
Where competing values are at play & judgment must be made
on what is the most appropriate course of action
Process
Information collected during
implementation, quality of program
Impact
Immediate observable effects of a
programs that have an impact on the
outcomes of a program
* Attitudes, awareness, knowledge, skills, behaviors
Outcome
An ultimate goal or product of a
program
Summative
Impact and Outcome evaluation
Formmative
Information obtained before or
during implementation of program (Process
Evaluation)
