He Tohu

Question 1

Belich

Answer 1

inverts the paradigm: Maori discovery of Europe; both in terms of physically going and assimilating European tools and ideas into their culture

Question 2

1769

Answer 2

• Cook, Tupia and Banks first visit NZ
• With Tupia’s help they create a list of Maori words with Te Haurangi, Ikirangi and Marukauiti, Maori who they took on board their ship

Question 3

1772

Answer 3

• July

- Le Duz comes to NZ aboard Marquis de Castries

Question 4

1773

Answer 4

• Cook visits for a second time
• The Officers on board the Adventurer use the list of words collected in 1769 to communicate with Maori, which shocks them

Question 5

1777

Answer 5

• Cook returns for a third visit
• Mai (Omai), Te Weharna and Koa become the first Maori to leave New Zealand on a European ship
• The first sustained texts in te reo Maori are recorded (a tangi and 5 haka)

Question 6

Items and traces left behind by Cook and co.

Answer 6

• Names and dates on tree trunks and a post set up with the name Endeavour, the date of the visit and some of the officer’s names
• Silver threepenny pieces dated 1763 and spike nails with the King’s broad Arrow cut deeply into them
• Brass medals engraved with the inscription of George III, the King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland
• Possibly some paper

Question 7

Tukitahua and Hurhukokoti

Answer 7

• “Kidnapped” by King Philip off the coast near Matauri in 1973
• First Maori to visit Port Jackson
• Taken to Norfolk Island to teach convicts how to weave flax but this was a women’s job
• Tuki drew map of NZ but we don’t have the original (likely in sand or ash etc.) only what was copied down by the officers
• Only really knew what was relevant to their lives: south island, commerce info like where to find Kauri, pounamu, water, 3 houses their chiefs and number of people, didn’t really know anything beyond Wellington region

Question 8

Maui (Mawhi)

Answer 8

• 10 years old in 1806, Maui went to Norfolk Island under the care of a whaling captain, where he was taken by the Drummond family
• He attended day school and learnt to read and write in English
• Moved to NSW with Drummond’s in 1812 and stayed at Marsden’s Paramatta for 3 years
• Went back to NZ for a year in 1814
• 1816 went to London supported by CMS
• Was the first Maori to write independently and to write in English
• Began writing an account of his life but died suddenly in 1816, Wood finished this and published it in 1817 titled “Memoir of Mowhee”

Question 9

Ruatara

Answer 9

• Early Orthography- Duaterra
• Marsden met him, wanted to set up mission station, then found teacher [Kendall] and blacksmith so wrote letter to Ruatara telling him they were coming to teach their “Tamoneekes” (Tamariki)

Question 10

1815

Answer 10

• A Korao [Korero] no New Zealand [The New Zealanders First Book] published
• Was a grammar by Kendall but struggled to represent the wh sound
• smaller than one from 1820

Question 11

1820

Answer 11

• A Grammar and Vocabulary of the Language of New Zealand with Professor Samuel Lee published
• Collaboration between Waikato, Hongi Hika and Thomas Kendall

Question 12

Key ideas to consider when regarding Ta Moko as signatures:

Answer 12

• Political significance with regards to the Waitangi tribunal
• Intent of the person signing and what we as historians could say this meant

Question 13

Maori conception of time

Answer 13

• Maori see the past as in front rather than behind them

- History based more on where you are rather than when you are

Question 14

Death of the Author Theory

Answer 14

• Meaning doesn’t come from the author, it comes from when we readers read the text as no one can get into the head of an author when they wrote it
• This is easily applied to western writing and understanding but prehaps has issues when applied to the likes of Maori culture i.e. moko as a symbol of self

Question 15

John Tuhawaiki

Answer 15

• Chief of Kati Ruahikihiki
• The only case whereby one individual has signed using their Ta moko multiple times
• 1838-1844 signed Wentworth indenture and a bunch of letters
• each drawing slightly different revealing the idiosyncrasies of his moko
• Third drawing has eyes and lips which reveal a new understanding as is closer to that of western portraiture as before they only had dots for eyes
• Also signed some with name written in text along with moko “it is highly likely [he] was making a political or social statement about who he was; he was stating very firmly that he was a chief and owner of the land and distinct from those to whom he was selling.”

Question 16

Ngarino Ellis Reading

Answer 16

• Argument= Ta moko drawings were a type of portrait or self-portrait, looking at Ta Moko can tell us what people thought about themselves particularly in relation to others at the time, how to position Maori Ta Moko in relation to the western paradigm and the Maori paradigm
• signatures and ta moko drawings are essentially the same as they are a representation or extension of the individual, one of the 4 types (others= simple crosses, quasi-signatures based on Hobson’s and textual signatures) used by Maori on ToW
• The drawings of Ta Moko on paper represent sites of cross-cultural exchange due to the tools being used to draw the moko

Question 17

Alison Jones and Kuni Jenkins

Answer 17

• argue that it must have been “astonishing to have one’s name made in writing; spoken words that carried their mana, their whakapapa and their very identity, captured by strangers, not in ta Moko and carving but in marks on their peculiar ‘white stuff’ and that “this desire for the text forms a rich moment at the beginning of the great and risky engagement between Maori and Pakeha mediated by words on paper.”
• Significant difficulties in recording language in terms of sounds, how to represent them on paper, the speed with which individuals spoke and lack of similarity with own language and using Tupia as an intermediary