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HE Test 4 > HE 35,36 Integument > Flashcards

HE 35,36 Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Major function of the Integument and its two main divisions

A

protection, vitamin D production, immunologic, sensation though nerves and thermoregulation through sweat.

Integument: epidermins and dermis

Derivatives: hair follicles, sebacious glands, sweat, nails, mammary

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2
Q

Basement Membrane of integument

A

basil lamina (type IV) and retucular lamina (type III)

basal lamina aka lemina densa, light layer behind it is the lamina lucida

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3
Q

Epidermins and Dermis (General)

A

epi: dertinized stratified squamous epithelium
- rete riddes (epidermis dropping into dermis)

dermis: loose (close to epi) and Di CT
- papillae: dermis into epidermins

anchoring and adhering jxns between derm/epiderm

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4
Q

Dermatoglyphics

A

fingerprint ID

  • integument grooves and ridges (Gross)
  • each person genetically unique

(Much larger than dermal papillae and rete ridges)

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5
Q

Differences between thick and thin skin

A

refers to teh thickness of the epidermal layer
(thick-hairless palms and soles of feet)

epidermis stayes the same …karatinized layer is what changes

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6
Q

Layers of integument

A

strateum corneum 9with deam stratum lucidum and thick skin )

stratum granulosum

stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer)

stratum basale (stratum germinatium (germ layer))

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7
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Single cell layer adjacent to BL

cuboidal to low columnar

vit D productino

Stem cells (only mitotically active layer)

extensive cell jxns

  • desmosomes
  • hemidesmosomes (tether to BL)
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8
Q

Psoriasis

A

normal transit tiem from basal cell to desquamation is 50-60 days.

with psoriasis, rapid proliferation shortens to 7 days

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9
Q

stratum spinosum

A

prickle cell layer

severl layers thick
cuboidal to squamous at surface edge

vit D production

mitotically INACTIVE

cytoplasmic processes (spines) (pm looks like intracellular bridges) it is the desmosomes tethering together

desmosomes at light level, nodes of bizzozero

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10
Q

stratum granulosum

A

1-3 cells thick

squamous

nucleated

keratohyalin granules (small dark spots)

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11
Q

stratum corneum

A

variable thickness

squamous

ANUCLEATE

keratinized (PACKED)
-soft keratin made of IF;s

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12
Q

Dermis

A

papillary layer: loose CT

  • more cellular
  • lots of ground substance
  • loosely arranged fibers
  • thin collagen fibers (I, III) same as ret from BL
  • thin elastic fibers

reticular layer

  • DiCT
  • less cellular
  • closely packed fiber bundles
  • thick collagen fibers
  • thick elastic fibers

EVG stain collagen fibers RED elastic fibers BLACK

weigart elastic stain : see more in reticular layer

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13
Q

wound healing

A

collagen and elastic fibers oriented in parallel lines
LANGER LINES

surgical incisions parallel to langers lines heal faster

  • stratum basale ramps up mitosis,
  • micration of proliferating cells
  • exfoliation (scab falls) of dead keratinocytes
  • fibroblasts differenctiate into myofibroblasts

myofibroblasts also involved inclosure via actin/myosin contractile motion

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14
Q

cells of epidermis

A

keratinocyes

  • keratinization
  • accumulation of keratohyalin granules is characteristic histological feature that begins in stratum spinosuma nd collects in stratum granulosum
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15
Q

keratohyalin granules

A

release IF associated protiens liek Filaggrin to aggregate kerativ filaments (IF)

-become TONOfilaments and tono fibrils

stratum corneum just bags full of KG

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16
Q

Lamellar Bodies

A

Make water barrier by exuding contents via secretion (exocytosis)
-probarrier lipids, lipid processing enzymes, proteases all into intracellular space between SG and SC

cell envelop?

17
Q

Structures of basal lamina and near

A

Hemidesmosomes use IF to teather cells to BL
reticular fibers within BL
-type VII collagen used for anchoring loops, attached BL to reticular lamina

focal adhesions function via actin

18
Q

Cell Junctions

A

All layers connected by desmosomes

when fixed the stratum spinosum cells shrink and processes more visible

desmosomes tether keratinocytes together

cell jxns undergo proteolytic degredation in pH dependant manner with pH gradient to surface

more acidic activates desmosome degredation

exfoliation of deal cells: desquamation

19
Q

Melanocytes

A

neural crest derived

stain electron lucent

migrate into stratum basale

pax 3 differentiates melanocytes (???)
-NO desmosomes

produce melanin granules (get darker as they get more mature)

-skin color differences due to differential maturation of melanin and degredation
(integument pigmenttation determined by melanin content of keratinocytes)

of melanocytes similar across humans

keratinocytes phagocytose melanin granules from extensions to uptake melanin

  • leave melanocyte via kinesin
  • enter keratinocyte via dynein
20
Q

Cancers of epidermal origin

A

basal cell carcinoma, most comon least deadly

squamous cell carcinoma (less com, more dang)

malignant melanoma (least common most deadly)

ABCD rule
assymetric border
border of legion irregular
color variation
diameter greater than 6mm
21
Q

langerhans cells

A

antigen presenting cells (presenting to t lympocytes)

  • originate in bone marrow and migrate to stratum spinosum
  • indented nuclei
  • NO desmosomes

-rod shaped birbeck granules in cytoplasm ,
express the lectin langerin, inducing formation of birbeck granules , interlalize and degrade HIV?

cytoplasm stains clear, long cytoplasmic processes

22
Q

Markel Cells

A

neural crest derived

located in stratum basale

most abundant in fingertipes

contained dense cored neurosecretory granules
-desmosome tetherd to deratinocytes

  • synapse with psudounipolar neurons, fucntions for tactile sensation
  • clear in tolouine bue
23
Q

Nerve Types of the integument

A

Free Nerve Ending
-pain/tamperature/tactile

Pacinian Corpuscle

  • deep pressure/vibration
  • CT encapsulated Nerve endings
  • upper circular (onion) (low in Dermis)

Ruffinis Corpuscle
-tactile

Merkels: only cell type involved
-tactile

Meissners Corpuscle (within dermal papilla)

  • tactile
  • surface
24
Q

Derivatives - Hair Follicles

A

Sebacious glands
-errector pilli muscle associated

Apocrine gland: hair follicle associated

Eccrine gland: not physically part of the hair follicle

Epi Derived: Medulla, cortex (cuboidal cells), cuticle (squamous cells) (last two have most (hard) keratin), internal root sheathe, external root sheath

Dermally Derived: glassy membrane (separates two derivations), CT that extends into base as hair papilla, enclosed by bulb

hair color determined by melanin content and type

25
Q

Structures of Integument
-where they derive from
what are endocrine and exocrine

A

Stroma: CT tissue derived, supportive role–typically CT

Parenchyma: epithelial derived: primary function in organ

endocrine: secretes hormones into stroma, hor reach target through blood
exocrine: secrete into ducts, ducts convey products to lumen

26
Q

Apocrine, Holocrine, Exocrine

A

Apocrine

  • released from apical end of cell
  • secretory product released into lumen
  • release with some cytoplasm and PM
  • lactating mammary glands

Holocrine:

  • secretory product released into lumen
  • released with cell debris after apoptosis
  • sebacious glands of integument

Merocrine:

  • secretory product released from apical side
  • kind of excytosed into limen
  • SWEAT glands
27
Q

Sebacious Glands

A

ACNE-sebum and acne

Holocrine secretion

  • sebum: lipid product plus cell debris after apoptosis
  • branched acinar glands
28
Q

Sweat glands: 1. eccrine

A

widely distributed in integument
simple coiled , tubular gland,

merocrine secretion,

sympathetic cholinergic inn (Ach),

sweat and antibacterial glycoprotien granules ,

NARROW LUMEN

3 cell types
Clear cells, Dark Cells, Myoepithelial cells

29
Q

Types of cells in Eccrine gland

A

Clear cells: Columnar, cytoplasmic invaginations, produce sweat, increased mito and glycogen, increased SA of PM, adjecent to intracellular cananiculi

Dark Cells: Pyramidal shape, antibacterial glycoprotein granules, increased RER and GA, adjacent to Lumen

Myoepithelial cells: epidermis derivative, contractive assistance for secretion, actin/myosin

30
Q

Sweat Glands: 2 Apocrine

A

primarily axila, anus and external, genitalia

associated with hair follicles

simple coiled tubular gland

ONE cell type : columnar

merocrine secretion

sympathetic adrenergic inn (NE)

protien rich prideuct can be stored in lumen

WIDE LUMEN

31
Q

Nails

A

Nail matrix-epidermal germanitive zone

  • does not desquamate
  • epinychium - cuticle
  • hyponychium - thick epidermis that secures free edge
32
Q

Development of Integument

A

Epidermis derived from ectoderm

dermis derived from mesenchyme

  • lateral plate mesoderm for limbs and body wall
  • paraxial for back
  • neural crest cells for face and neck

Ecto- periderm and basal layer - periderm and intermediate layer - SC, SL, SG, SS, (melanocyte)SB (EPIDERMAL RIDGE) —–EPIDERMIS

meso-mesenchyme- development of collagenous and elastic fibers, papillary layer, reticular layer

melanoblasts

TIME FRAME

33
Q

epidermis differentiation

A

BMP4 & FGF induce ectoderm to form epidermis
-Notochord: noggin, chordin and follistatin expression inhibit BMPr which allow ectoderm to form neural plate

intermediate concentration ofBMP4 induces two wave of transcription factors which speficy ectodermal cells as a neural crest and promote NC migration

low concentration BMP4 neural plate
intermediate BMP4 : neural crest
high BMP4: epidermis

look at little body diff thing

34
Q

Dermis diff

A

NT3 - pax 3 - dermatome

35
Q

segmentation and lines of blaschko

A

named after in 1901 common set of patterns in patients with dermatological disorders

HE Test 4 (5 decks)

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