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HE Test 4 > HE 28-30 GI > Flashcards

HE 28-30 GI Flashcards

1
Q

General characteristics of oral mucosa and three major types

A

General: THICK epithelium and lamina propria (lip)
functions as physical/immunological barrier, taste

  1. Lining (non keratinized stratified squamous)
    - inner side of lips/cheeks, floor of mouth and soft palate
  2. Masticatory: Gums, hard Palate
  3. Gustatory: Taste buds
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2
Q

Submucosa Properties and Innervation

A

Supplies and drains blood and lymphatics to and from mucosa

  • can be folded to increase SA
  • can have submucosal glands (ESOPHAGEAL GLANDS) for lubrication and ducts to lumen

SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS: visceral motor and sensory fibers, postganglionic parasympatheic, interneurons

  • part of enteric nervous system
  • innervates teh flands and smooth muscle of the mucosa
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3
Q

Muscularis externa properties and inntervation

A

CM: inner circular layer of smooth muscle

  • thickens locally for sphincters
  • compresses lumen

LM: outer longitudinal smooth muscle
-shortens tube

MYENTERIC PLEXUS: between CM and LM

  • also part of enteric nervous system
  • innervates muscularis externa
  • Neural tube or crest???

Proximal 1/3: all skeletal muscle
Distal 1/3: ALL SMOOTH MUSCLE

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4
Q

Serosa and Adventitia

A

Intraperitoneal: completely lined by serosa
-serosa: visceral peritoneum->mesothlial layer, simple squamous (from mesoderm) and bit of loose CT

Retroperitoneal
-adventitia: loose CT binding to body wall

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5
Q

Mucosa

A

-epithelial: strat sq
lamina propria with diffuse lympoid tissue
-muscularis mucosa: contractile smooth muscle to dislodge food

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6
Q

Gastroesophageal Jxn and CC

A

NO anotomical sphincter
-SHARP TRANSITION from stratified squamous to simple columnar.

GERD: weakness of esophageal sphincter causes reflux of stomach juices into this area, causing inflammation of esophageal mucosa, shest pain, irreversible metaplasia of esophageal mucosa

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7
Q

Stomach: main function and overview of layers

A

Initial protien digestion, mixing of food and gastric juices (glands)
lumen will contain Chyme mix and gastric juices.

Main layers: 
Mucosa: gastric glamds
SM: rugae folds
ME: three layers
serosa: continuous
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8
Q

Layers of Gastric Glands and cell components in stomach

A

gastric pit: surfece mucosa cells (insoluble thick mucosa)

Gastric Gland

  • Isthmus: Parietal cells
  • Neck: Neck Mucous cells (soluble thin mucous), stem cells, parietal cells
  • base of gland: chief, parietal, neck mucous, enteroendocrine`
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9
Q

Parietal cells location and seven main features/functions, and clinical correlation

A

located in the gastric glands
“fried egg cell” large acidophilic cytoplasm
1. acidophilic due to high mitochondria and folded membranes (increased SA for secretion)
2. Microvilli
3. Secrete HCL
4. Secrete Intrinsic Factor- binds to VitB12 for later absorbtion in Ileum
5. Intracellular Cannoniculus- deep invaginations of PM
6. Tubular Vesicles: cytoplasmic resivours of unit membranes and proton pumps
7. change surface area: secrete into intracellular cannoniculus.
-resting: IC shallow
-active: IC fuse with TV (deeper)

damage to mucosa (peptic ulcer) or drug supression of parietal cells leads to pernicous anemia from decreased intrinsic factor

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10
Q

Cheif cells location and function

A

only at base of gland

secrete pepsinogen to initiate protien digestion

  • Basal RER (basal half of cell basophilic (dark)
  • apircal zymogen granules with pepsinogen that are secreted into the lumen
  • low pH activates pepsinogen to pepsin
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11
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells of stomach

A

Small cealr staining cytoplasm like K cells
- basal granules: contain Regulatory hormones

  • Gastrin: G cells\
  • somatostatin

these release hormones basally into the fenestrated capillaries of the LP

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12
Q

Gastric Glands of Cardia and Pylorus of stomach

A

Cardia: cone at entrance, prodominately mucous cells, provide protection
-wide gastric pits, mucous cells at base similar to suface mucosa cells
same at pylorus except:
Pylorus: cone at exit, no esophageal mucosa but image may show duodenal mucosa

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13
Q

Gastric glands of body and Fundus of stomach

A

surface mucosa cells limited to gastric pits

-pareital and chief cells abundant

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14
Q

Submucosa of Stomach

A

evaginations of submucosa form folds- RUGAE

-can flatten out to allow expansion

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15
Q

Muscularis Externa of stomach

A

additional innermost layer of oblique muscle
-fxns to twist and mechanically break down food

oblique, circular, longitudinal

MYENTERIC PLEXUS

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16
Q

Pyloric Sphincter of Stomach

A

at exit, condituous with circular muscle in ME

-relaxation of sphincter and contraction of ME allow for gastric emptying

17
Q

Serosa of Stomach

A

Simple squamous to cuboidal

  • small amounts loose CT
  • covers stomach
  • secretes small amounts os serous fluid into peritoneal cavity for lubrication
18
Q

Small Intestine Overview

A

duodenum, jejunum and ileum
-neutralize acidic chime from stomach
-finish digestion and absorb nutrients
immune defense

19
Q

Mucosa of Small Intestine Overview

A

Epithelium

  • goblet, paneth, enteroendocrine, Mcell
  • simple columnar with microvilla
  • evaginates into villi
  • invaginates into short intestinal glands

LP- lymphoid nodules and lacteals

muscularis mucosa
-contractions milk glandular secretions, some smooth muscle extend into villi, and contractions pump lymph down villi

20
Q

Enterocyte of Small intestine

A

Main cell of SI

  • secrete and absorb
  • tall microvilli
  • glycocalyx present with digestive enzymes on microvilli, secreted by enterocyte
  • connected via tight junctions
21
Q

Goblet calls of Small intestine

A

secreting mucous to protect epithelium from self digestion

  • H&E clear appearance
  • PAS: dark: apical carb rich mucinogen granules
22
Q

Paneth cell of small intestine

A

ONLY IN JEJUNUM AND ILEUM

  • bases of intestinal glands
  • apical acidopholic granules with antimicrobial compounds for non specific innate immunity
23
Q

Enteroendocrine cell of Small intestine

A

Clear staining cytoplasm
-basal granules: regulatory hormones- CCK (I cell), secretin (S cell) somatostatin

varied hormonal control for gland secretion and guy motility

  • hormones secreted basally into capillaries of lamina propria
  • what type of cap?
24
Q

M cell of Small intestine

A

most abundant on ileum

  • on top on lymphoid nodules
  • NO microvilli: not absorbtive
  • relay luminal antigens to lymphocytes below
25
Q

Lamina Propria and Lymphoid Nodules of Small intestine

A

lymphoid nodules are called peyers patch in the ileum

  • contain lymphocytes and lymphoid nodules (typically increased cellularity and purple)
  • gut associated lymphoid tissue (like malt provides host defense)

FLUID TRANSPORT: loose CT allows transport of soluble materials (small fenestrated arteries pass carbs, protiens, in blood to hepatic system

  • large lymph capillaries: LACTEALS
  • transport chylomicrons in lymph to thoracic duct
26
Q

Submucosa of the Small intestine

A

Generally same as GI tube
Except for
1. Brunners glandsL only in duodenum: secrete alkaline fluid to bring up PH of chime
(panc enzymes function best at higher pH)

  1. Circular folds (plicae circulae) only in jejunum and ileum
    - which as more circular folds?

Submucosa evaginates into lumen covered by mucosa

  • DOES NOT FLATTEN
  • permenant increased SA for absorbtion
27
Q

Muscularis Externa of Small intestine

A

Gut motility and peristalsis

Innervation by mesenteric PLEXUS

28
Q

Serosa and Adventitia of the small intestine

A

serosa mesothelium the first part of duodenum nad jejunum and ilium

adventitia the second and fourth part f of duodenum, fixed to posterior wall

-look at this slide again

29
Q

Large intestine overview

A

cecum, appendix, colon, rectum

30
Q

large intestine epithelium

A

simple columnar: short microvilli, NO villi

  • invagination in long straing intestinal glands
  • same cells and intestine, NO PANETH
  • enterocyte: reabsorb water, dehydrate feces
  • goblet cell: looks bubbly, high density for lube

-TWO levels of folds, intestinal glans and microvilli, not as much absorbtion needed

31
Q

Lamina propria of Large intestine

A

Host defense:
loose CT containing lymphocytes and lymph nodules (GALT: isolated nodules (no peyers patch)
-many isolated nodules in appendix

compared to SI, smaller lumen size but more nodules
-Lymphocyte capillaries absent, slows spread of colon cancers into highy vascularized submucosa

32
Q

muscularis mucosa of LI

A

smooth muscle, milks mucus from crypts of glands

-dislodges feces

33
Q

Submucosa of LI

A

highly vascularized ( same general characteristics of submucosa)
if cancer cells happen to pass through the mucosa, they will metastasize very quickly,
usually due to liver
?

34
Q

Hirch Sprungs Disease

A

congenital defect in formation of the innervation of the LI

submucosal and myenteric plexuses do not develop and there is a loss of secretory and peristalsis function

35
Q

Muscularis externa of LI

A

modified externa, outer long layerin thin strips called Teniae Coli: cause colon to bunch up forming Haustrae (HC)- colon compartmentalization, mechanical compaction of feces
-becomes normal layer at rectosigmoidal joint

36
Q

Serosa and adventitia of LI

A

serosa present at portion that is completely suspended : cecum, appendix, transverse and sigmoid

adventitaia present in ascending and descending colon and rectum

37
Q

Rectum

A

Distal to sigmoid colon
rectodigmouidal jxn (teniae coli no longer visible)
Mucosa similar to colon

38
Q

Anal canal

A

rectum to anus
3 zones based on epithelium
inner circular layer of muscle = internal anal sphincter (larger than external)
-anal mucus glands

  1. colorectal zone
  2. Anal Transition Zone
    - Stratified cuboidal epithelium
    - no muscularis mucosa
  3. Squamous zone
    - keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
    - hair follicles and glands
    - keratinized stratum corneum
    - same as epithelium as rectum

HE Test 4 (5 decks)

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