HD Test #2

Question 1

Describe Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage 2, including the crisis, the age group, and some defining characteristics.

Answer 1

Autonomy V Shame/Doubt Early Childhood - develop a greater sense of personal control - control gained through making preferences in food, clothing, and toys - success results in confidence and being secure with oneself - failure results in inadequacy and self-doubt

Question 2

Describe Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage 3, including the crisis, age range, and some defining characteristics.

Answer 2

Initiative V Guilt Pre-School Years - asserting power through directing play and other social interactions - success results in a sense of capability and an ability to lead others - failure results in a sense of guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative

Question 3

Define self-concept

Answer 3

The set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is.

Question 4

Describe how social comparison impacts children’s judgment of their own competencies

Answer 4

As social comparison information is made salient, There is progressive decline in children’s judgment of their own competencies

Question 5

Complete the table below, describing Baumrind’s parenting styles

Answer 5

Authoritative Permissive Authoritarian Rejecting/Neglecting

Question 6

List childcare factors in evaluation of early childhood programs

Answer 6

•Physical setting •Group size •Caregiver-child ratio •Daily activities -Licensing

Question 7

Describe characteristics of Piaget’s Preoperational stage of development

Answer 7

Increase in representational activity (symbolic activity) such as make-believe play

Question 8

What is a marker of the development of Theory of Mind around 3 years of age?

Answer 8

Deception

Question 9

What caregiver practice slightly influences social cognition?

Answer 9

asking children to reflect on victim’s feelings

Question 10

Describe the concepts behind Chomsky’s Language Acquisition Device.

Answer 10

• Linguistic nativism - Language acquisition device (LAD) - Child must be born with an innate ability to learn language

Question 11

Describe two caregiver strategies to support language development in early childhood.

Answer 11

•recasts- repeating inaccurate speech in correct form •expansions- elaborating on children’s speech, increasing its complexity

Question 12

Define “pragmatic language” and describe milestones at ages two and four years.

Answer 12

•Social rules and conventions of communication •2-year-olds can have effective conversations •4-yr-olds can adjust to fit qualities of the listener

Question 13

Give important parental factors that influence children’s adjustment to divorce.

Answer 13

•High-conflict divorce vs amicability •Parental ability to prioritize child adjustment

Question 14

Describe impacts of divorce including rates of adjustment problems in post-separation and divorce families vs married families, and impacts of being raised in single parent families.

Answer 14

•25% of children in post-separation and divorce families vs. 12-15% in married families have ADJUSTMENT problems Benefits of married vs single or separated families: 1) Economic stress is less 2) more quality parent-child relationships

Question 15

Give two main considerations in custody decision-making.

Answer 15

•Joint custody yields better adjustment •Number of transitions

Question 16

What are the important characteristics of professional interviews of children regarding cases of child maltreatment?

Answer 16

•Rapport •Encouragement to CORRECT the interviewer •Opportunity to practice narrative descriptions •Open-ended questions •Maintaining ATTENTION

Question 17

Describe Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage that corresponds with Middle Childhood.

Answer 17

•Industry vs. Inferiority - 6-12 •Children develop sense of competence at useful skills and tasks •Inferiority- pessimism of children who have little confidence in their ability to do things well •Creates a positive but realistic self-concept

Question 18

Describe Piaget’s Cognitive Stage that corresponds with Middle Childhood.

Answer 18

Concrete Operational Thought - 7-11 years •Thought is far more logical, flexible, and organized than it was earlier •Abstract thought is still difficult

Question 19

What percentage of children are friendless? What are the negative effects of friendlessness?

Answer 19

•15-20% of children are “friendless” •Negative effects •Loneliness •Increased internalization and victimization •Predictor of later lack of self-worth

Question 20

What benefit does the unique context of a peer group offer in middle childhood?

Answer 20

Offers a unique context for social and personal learning

Question 21

Regarding peer acceptance, list and describe the four groups that children fall into.

Answer 21

•Popular children- “Characteristically dominant” but difficult to define •Rejected children- Most common correlate is aggression (40-50% of rejected) •Controversial children- Display positive and negative social behaviors •Neglected children - Less interaction with peers, go unnoticed by peers

Question 22

What are the three groups of traits associated with peer functioning?

Answer 22

• Conformity to authority • Negative affect • Shyness or social inhibition

Question 23

Outline Piaget’s Stages of Moral Development, including the stage number, title, and a brief description.

Answer 23

Stage 1- Premoral Period •0-5 years •Behavior regulated from the outside Stage 2- Heteronomous •5-9 years •Rules are rigid and given by adults/God •Rules tell you what is right or wrong •Consequences dictate the severity of the behavior Stage 3- Autonomous •10 years + •Emphasizes cooperation •Rules changeable under certain circumstances

Question 24

Outline the three levels (stages not necessary) of Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development.

Answer 24

•Pre-conventional - Morality is externally controlled •Conventional - Conformity to social rules to maintain social system •Postconventional - Beyond unquestioning support, morality = abstract and subjective

Question 25

How does self-concept development change in middle childhood as related to preschool self-concept?

Answer 25

Move from more general positive self-regard to a more balanced assessment of personal strengths and weaknesses

Question 26

Outline five parental goals in parenting a child who is in middle-childhood.

Answer 26

1. Allow children to express emotions 2. Make important norms salient 3. Set appropriate limits 4. Staying sensitive to needs 5. Increase involvement in family decisions

Question 27

Describe four negative characteristics that develop in children of disengaged parents.

Answer 27

1. Socially incompetent 2. Irresponsible 3. Immature 4. Alienated from their family

Question 28

Define cognitive self-regulation and describe the status of cognitive self-regulation in middle childhood.

Answer 28

• Cognitive self-regulation is continuously monitoring progress toward a goal and staying on task • In middle childhood, cognitive self-regulation still difficult.

Question 29

Describe the presentation and development of self-concept in adolescence.

Answer 29

May present with contradictory traits in social situations, but will gradually combine and organize those traits

Question 30

Marcia’s Identity development

Answer 30

Level of Exploration

Level of Commitment

High

Low

High

identity achievement

Moratorium

(Crisis, Choice)

Low

identity foreclosure

(expectations)

identity diffusion

(no choice)

Question 31

Outline five characteristics of the parent-child relationship in adolescence, including discussion of tension, parental vs. peer influence, the state of collaboration/dependence, crisis, and conflict.

Answer 31

More tension
Parents strive to maintain attachment, while teens assert their independence
Peer influence does NOT usurp parental influence
Interdependence and mutuality
“Storm and stress” vs. developmental growth
Minor but persistent conflict, peeks in mid-adolescence

Question 32

Describe the impact of contexts on friendship stability.

Answer 32

Multi-context friendships more stable than single-context ones

Question 33

Regarding friends versus non-friends, discuss the following: talk, task orientation, cooperation, positive affect, and conflict management. Include information from conflict research.

Answer 33

Friends engage in more talk, task orientation, cooperation, positive affect, and effective conflict management than non-friends
Conflict research is contradictory
More quarreling and hostility with friends than non-friends, but also more interaction
Also more likely to resolve conflicts

Question 34

Describe the competing messages about sexuality that adolescent’s experience.

Answer 34

Competing messages between parents expressing concern for sexual activity while media is contrary.

Question 35

Describe an influence that parents have regarding contraceptive use in adolescents.

Answer 35

“Kids whose parents talk to them about sex are more likely to use contraceptives.”

Question 36

When do questions about sexual orientation begin to arise?

Answer 36

ages 6-12

Question 37

Provide the stages and a brief description for racial/cultural awareness development

Answer 37

Stage 1- Conformity

Conformity with majority beliefs

Racial/cultural affiliation perceived negatively, to be avoided, denied

Stage 2- Dissonance

Acknowledgment that racism exists
Majority and minority culture both as not all good or all bad

Stage 3- Resistance and Immersion

Self-discovery of one’s own history and culture

Pride and honor in one’s culture

Majority culture as oppressor

Stage 4- Introspection

Conflict of allegiance to minority group versus personal autonomy

Self-identity development

Dissonance between benefits of minority and majority culture

Stage 5- Integrative Awareness

Inner sense of security

Can own and appreciate unique aspects of their culture as well as majority culture

Conflicts resolved- greater control and flexibility

All cultures have acceptable and unacceptable aspects