Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

(YEAR 1) PBLs > HD: PBL 1 (Puberty and Fertility) > Flashcards

HD: PBL 1 (Puberty and Fertility) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 stages of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular, ovulatory and luteal phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

A

5-12 primordial follicles are stimulated to grow and develop –> one will for Graafian follicle –> releases the oocyte at ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the ovulatory phase of the ovarian cycle

A

Graafian follicle bulges from ovary wall and ovulation occurs when the wall rupture and expels the oocyte into the peritoneal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

A

Granulosa cells of the Graafian follicle divide to form the corpus luteum which secretes hormones to maintain the endometrium to allow a fertilised oocyte to implant and grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When does the LH surge occur?

A

Just prior to ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 stages of the menstrual cycle

A

Menstrual, proliferative and secretory phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the menstrual phase

A

When there is withdrawal of steroid support (oestrogen and oestrogen) –> endometrium collapses and is shed with blood from the ruptured arteries and the detached endometrial tissue and blood pass out of the vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the proliferative phase

A

Oestrogen from the Graafian follicle stimulates the thickening of the endometrium –> glands and spiral arteries form –> oestrogen stimulates synthesis of progesterone receptors on endometrial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the secretory phase

A

Progesterone from corpus luteum acts on endometrium to stimulate gland enlargement to increase mucus and glycogen secretion in preparation for implantation of a fertilised oocyte. If fertilisation doesn’t occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone levels fall, endometrium degenerates and the cycle restarts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe what happens instead of the menstrual phase if fertilisation occurs

A

The blastocytst implants into the endometrium –> developing placenta secretes hCG (syncytiotrophoblasts)–> corpus luteum doesn’t degenerate –> progesterone levels don’t fall and this maintains the endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is menarche?

A

Onset of menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is thelarche?

A

Onset of breast growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is adrenarche?

A

Onset of androgen secretion by the adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is pubarche?

A

Onset of pubic hair growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the normal age range for menarche?

A

12-15 but can be as early as 8 and be normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the role of FSH and where is it produced?

A

Responsible for the maturation and growth of the follicles in the ovary; produced in the anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the role of LH and where is it produced?

A

Causes release of mature oocyte into the fallopian tube; produced by the anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the role of oestrogen and where is it produced?

A

Stimulates the growth of the endometrial lining and prepares the endometrium to be as nourishing to a possible fertilised egg; produced by follicles/immature eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the role of progesterone and where is it produced?

A

Helps endometrium prepare for implantation by increasing vascularity and secretions of the tissue and halts oestrogen secretion to prevent overgrowth of the endometrial cells; produced in the corpus luteum

20
Q

What is the role of hCG and where is it produced?

A

Produced when a women is pregnant; by syncytiotrophoblast in the placenta

21
Q

Describe the role of the HPG axis at around the age of 8

A

From around 8 pulses of GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulate LH and FSH release from the anterior pituitary gland and theses stimulate either the ovary to produce oestrogen or the testes to produce testosterone

22
Q

What is puberty?

A

Physiological transition from childhood to reproductive maturity and is associated with: a growth spurt, the development of secondary sexual characteristics, which in girls, is followed by menstruation

23
Q

When does puberty start, on average, in boys and girls?

A

Girls: 10.9 years (8.5-13.3)
Boys: 11.2 years (9.2-14.2)

24
Q

When do growth spurts peak, on average, in boys and girls?

A

Girls: 12.2 years
Boys: 13.9 years

25
Q

When does thelarche occur in girls?

A

8-13 years

26
Q

When does menstruation begin, on average, in girls?

A

12.9 years (10-15)

27
Q

When does voice deepening begin, on average, in boys?

A

14.6 years (9.2-14.2)

28
Q

How many years of puberty, on average, do boys and girls experience?

A

Girls: 2-3 years
Boys: 3.-5 chance

29
Q

When may investigations have to be conducted into development in females?

A

If there is no development of secondary female characteristics by 14 years, or if menstruation hasn’t occurred by 16 years if age

30
Q

What is amenorrhoea?

A

The absence of periods

31
Q

What is primary amenorrhoea?

A

Where menstruation has never occurred; may be caused by hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, gonadal agenesis , abnormal development of the genital tract

32
Q

What is secondary amenorrhoea?

A

Cessation of menstruation in a women who has previously had regular periods, causes include; pregnancy, polycystic ovary syndrome, menopause, premature ovarian failure, hypothalamus/pituitary damage, systemic causes e.g. chronic illness, weight loss, stress

33
Q

Describe the two types of emergency contraception

A

Levonelle 1 - high-dose progestogen only pill with a single dose taken within 72 hours of intercourse
Cu-IUCD - can be used up to 5 days post-intercourse

34
Q

What is the average age of menopause in the UK?

A

52 years

35
Q

Describe the hormonal changes that occur to cause menopause

A

Ovaries become less responsive to LH and FSH (due to less receptors on ovarian follicles, or less follicles themselves) –> causes fluctuating oestrogen levels –> less circulating oestrogen –> causes negative feedback to hypothalamus –> increased LH and FSH production

36
Q

What are the symptoms of menopause caused by?

A

Low oestrogen levels

37
Q

What are the symptoms of menopause?

A

Vaginal dryness, vasodilation (hot flushes and night sweats); aching, painful joints, headaches, irritability, depression (but these latter ones aren’t necessarily caused by lack of oestrogen)

38
Q

Outline some of the symptoms of early pregnancy

A

Amenorrhoea (some irregular bleeding may occur though), nausea and vomiting, breast tenderness and enlargement (from 6 weeks), darkening of the areola, frequency of micturition, fatigue

39
Q

Outline some of the signs of early pregnancy

A

Breasts swollen and warm (prominent superficial veins and darkening of areola), uterus and cervix feel soft and enlarged, cervix appears bluish rather than pink

40
Q

Explain how pregnancy tests work

A

Mobile anti-hCG antibodies in the reaction zone, which are linked to enzymes which can participate in colour reactions –> mobile anti-hCG bodies move up the strip (bound and unbound to hCG) and the test zone contains immobile anti-hCG antibodies which bind to the antibody-hCG complexes (positive test if present) –> control test contains anti-mouse antibodies which bind the unbound mobile anti-hCG antibodies to cause a control test line

41
Q

Why isn’t the alpha subunit of hCG tested for in pregnancy tests?

A

Because it’s molecular structure is very similar to the gonadotrophins LH, FSH and TSH and may give a false positive result due to cross-reactivity

42
Q

When should a pregnancy test be taken?

A

At least 28 days from LMP

43
Q

Describe a non-biochemical method for the detection and confirmation of pregnancy

A

Ultrasound - gestational sac can be visualised at 4 and a half weeks gestation

44
Q

How do you calculate estimated date of delivery?

A

LMP + 1 year, -3 months, + 1 week

45
Q

Name the different types of assisted conception

A

IVF, intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection, surgical sperm collection, ovulation induction, intra-uterine insemination, donor sperm treatment, egg donation and surrogacy co-ordination, sperm and egg cryopreservation, sperm washing for HIV-positive men, blastocyst embryo transfer, surrogacy

46
Q

Give the full name of the whose pulsatile secretion is essential in puberty

A

Gonadotrophic releasing hormone (GnRH)

(YEAR 1) PBLs (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions