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PMLS Healthcare Waste Management > HCW Concepts > Flashcards

HCW Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What are solid or liquid wastes generated by activities involving human health?

A

Healthcare Wastes

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2
Q

What percentage of Healthcare Wastes are non-hazardous?

A

75-90%

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3
Q

What percentage of Healthcare Wastes are hazardous, infectious, toxic, and radioactive?

A

10-25%

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4
Q

True or False: High income countries produce more waste than low income countries

A

True

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5
Q

What is the amount of daily hazardous bed waste produced by high-income countries?

A

0.5 kilograms

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6
Q

What is the amount of daily hazardous bed waste produced by low-income countries?

A

0.2 kilograms

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7
Q

What is the average amount of infectious sharps and pathological waste produced in the Philippines per day?

A

0.34 kilograms

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8
Q

What is the average amount of general bed waste produced in the Philippines per day?

A

0.39 kilograms

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9
Q

Definition 1: Everything suspected to contain pathogens that may cause infections and diseases

Definition 2: Materials that come into contact with bodily fluids under testing

A

Infectious Waste

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10
Q

Definition 1: Tissue sections, body parts, or body fluids derived from biopsies, autopsies, or any surgical procedures that send samples to the lab

Definition 2: Internal organs and tissues used for histopathological samples

A

Pathological and Anatomical Waste

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11
Q

True or False: Anatomical Waste is a subgroup of Pathological Waste

A

True

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12
Q

Type of waste that causes cuts, pricks, or puncture wounds

A

Sharps

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13
Q

True or False: Sharp wastes are NOT the most dangerous healthcare wastes out there

A

False (It is)

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14
Q

Refers to discarded substances generated during disinfections, sterilizations, procedures involving heavy metals, etc.

A

Chemical Waste

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15
Q

Refers to expired and contaminated products, drugs, and vaccines

A

Pharmaceutical Waste

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16
Q

Refers to products exposed to radionuclides; radioactive diagnostic materials, radioactive residue, unwanted solutions, etc.

A

Radioactive Waste

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17
Q

Waste products that have not come in contact with infectious agents and does not impose any hazards

A

Non-hazardous/General Wastes

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18
Q

3 Types of General Wastes

A
  • Recyclable
  • Biodegradable
  • Non-biodegradable
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19
Q

What type of General Waste refers to paper, aluminum, plastic, wood, and electronics?

A

Recyclable Waste

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20
Q

What type of General Waste refers to leftover food from non-infectious patients and garden wastes?

A

Biodegradable

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21
Q

What type of General Waste refers to objects that are neither recyclable or biodegradable?

A

Non-biodegradable Waste

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22
Q

What gets contaminated due to improper landfilling and untreated wastes?

A

Drinking, surface, and ground waters

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23
Q

What gets released into the environment due to improper waste disposal?

A

Chemicals

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24
Q

Ash residue, air pollution, and the spread of toxic metals are consequences of what?

A

Improper incineration

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25
Q

What gets released from the incineration of chlorine-containing substances?

A

Dioxins and Furans

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26
Q

What temperatures must modern incinerators reach?

A

850°C - 1,100°C

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27
Q

4 Stages of the HCW System

A

Segregation, Collection, Storage, and Transport

28
Q

The HCW System considered the basic elements of?

A

Minimization, Identification, and Segregation

29
Q

True or False: Wastes follow a well-defined flow from the point of generation down to their treatment and disposal

A

True

30
Q

The most important step in waste management is?

A

Waste minimization

31
Q

2 aspects of the Green Procurement Policy

A

Waste Prevention and Reduction

32
Q

Definition 1: Waste is converted to fuel to generate electricity

Definition 2: Term used to encompass subsets of waste recovery: recycling, composting, and energy recovery

A

Recovery

33
Q

Lowering the amount of waste produced

A

Reduce

34
Q

Using materials repeatedly

A

Reuse

35
Q

Using materials to make new products

A

Recycle

36
Q

Recovering energy from waste materials

A

Recovery

37
Q

Location of safe disposal of wastes

A

Landfill

38
Q

True or False: The most favored option for waste management is disposal in landfills

A

False (most favored would be waste reduction)

39
Q

Refers to changing the biological and chemical characteristics of waste to reduce its health risks

A

Treatment

40
Q

Refers to discharging, depositing, placing, or releasing waste on land or water

A

Disposal

41
Q

True or False: Highly infectious wastes should be disinfected at the source

A

True

42
Q

True or False: Anatomical waste should be disposed through safe burials or cremations

A

True

43
Q

True or False: Pathological waste should not be refrigerated if not collected or treated within 24 hours

A

False (it should be refrigerated)

44
Q

True or False: Sharps must be shredded or crushed after transportation to the landfill

A

False (should be before)

45
Q

True or False: Chemical and Pharmaceutical wastes should be segregated and collected separately

A

True

46
Q

True or False: Wastes with high heavy metal content should be collected separately and sent to the treatment facility

A

True

47
Q

True or False: Wastes with Mercury can be collected on the same container as other chemicals

A

False (must be separated)

48
Q

True or False: Chemical wastes can be disposed down the drain

A

False (should be stored in leak-proof containers or amber disposal bottles)

49
Q

True or False: Expired drugs must be returned to the pharmacy for temporary storage before returning to the manufacturer

A

True

50
Q

True or False: Expired drugs can be sent back even if they’re not in their original packaging

A

False (must be returned in original packaging for proper identification and prevention of reactions)

50
Q

True or False: Expired drugs can be sent back even if they’re not in their original packaging

A

False (must be returned in original packaging for proper identification and prevention of reactions)

51
Q

Refers to thermal decomposition of waste in a destruction chamber WITHOUT the use of oxygen; residues may be greasy aggregates, slugs, recoverable metals, or carbon black

A

Pyrolysis

52
Q

Refers to combustion of waste in the presence of oxygen; less desirable than pyrolysis due to smog and ash production, and cost

A

Incineration

53
Q

Uses steam sterilization to render waste harmless; used for killing pathogenic microorganisms

A

Autoclave

54
Q

Pressure, heat, and duration of an autoclave

A

121°C and 15 psi for 15-30 minutes

55
Q

What are the indicators of valid sterilization in autoclaves?

A

Color-changing tapes or biological test ampules

56
Q

Microorganisms are destroyed by moist heat which coagulates and denatures enzymes with temperatures reaching up to 100°C for at least 30 minutes; comes with a size reduction device too

A

Microwave

57
Q

True or False: Waste shredding is done before subjecting to the microwave

A

True

58
Q

Fills the containers with waste then immobilizes it before sealing; uses a cubic box made of polyethylene filled with sharps or chemicals which will be filled up with plastic foam, cement, or sand

A

Encapsulation

59
Q

Disposal method suitable for pharmaceutical waste; pharmaceuticals are grounded to produce a homogenous mass which will be transported and placed in a landfill

A

Inertization

60
Q

Waste disposal method which uses bleach, peroxide, peroxyacetic acid, or alkali to kill and deactivate pathogenic organisms

A

Chemical

61
Q

Uses enzyme mixtures that are put through extruders to remove water from waste water disposals; suitable for large-scale applications

A

Biological

62
Q

Engineered sites to keep wastes isolated from the environment; site must secure approval from DENR

A

Landfills

63
Q

True or False: Treated healthcare wastes can be mixed with general wastes if approved by the DOH

A

True (must ensure that the organisms WILL NOT regenerate)

64
Q

What is the alternative for places without landfills?

A

Burials

65
Q

True or False: Infectious, sharps, pathological, and anatomical wastes are the only types that can undergo a burial

A

True

66
Q

True or False: Sharps and syringes cannot be disposed using septic or concrete vaults

A

False (can do so if facilities do not have access to treatment system facilities)

PMLS Healthcare Waste Management (2 decks)

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