HC3 Flashcards
Sturge-Weber syndrome
port-wine stain
calcification of the gyri (kronkels)
epilespy
hemiparesis
conclusions of lesion studies
after left hemisperectomy: impairments in all language functions
after right; borderline performance
etiology matters:
- more severe impairment for cortical dysplasia (in cell migration didnt reach right areas)
- best outcome for left vascular aand right rasmussen (epilepsie aanvallen langdurig)
exogenous attention is triggered by external stimuli and reflexive, develops earlier/later in childhood and is involved in which brain region?
earlier in childhood
Parietal = tactile, somatic sensory information, orienting, associative functions
endogenous attention is internal and voluntary
develops later/earlier in childhood
involved in brain regions:
later in childhood
anterior cingulate and prefrontal regions
subtypes of attention
vigilance/sustained attention
selective attention
attentional control
what falls under attentional control?
inhibition
divided attention
self-regulation and monitoring
selective attention
what processes does it entail
at what age can child focus
when are growth spurts
- Temporoparietal cortex and basal ganglia
- disengagement, shifting, engagement, inhibition of return and
anticipatory eye movements - 7-10 months can already focus (Lawson & Ruff, 2004)
- Further growth spurts at:
– 3-6 years of age
– 8-10 years
– Around 15 years
timeframe of vigilance (sustained attention)
- Emerges gradually during infancy and early childhood
- Accelerated development 8-11 years old
- Only gradual improvements during adolescence
attentional control (inhibition and attention control & divided attention)
what entails
- Divided attention
– Little evidence for this before the
age of 9 years
– Linked to anterior cingulate and
prefrontal cortex - Inhibition & attention control
– See executive function
what are acquired attentional disorders?
traumatic brain injury
stroke
metabolic disorder
what type of attention is measured with stroop task?
selective attention
inhibition
what is the bourdon-vos task and what does it measure?
je moet van 33 stippenpatronen degenen doorstrepen die uit vier stippen bestaan
is voor kinderen van 6 tot 17 jaar
meet sustained en focused attention
de tijd dat ze erover doen wordt gemeten
trail making task 2 versions what are they and hat do they measure
version A: focused attention verbind lijntjes van 1 naar 2 naar 3 etc
version B: divided attention verbind lijntje van 1 naar A naar 2 naar B etc
what is test of everyday attention and details?
-age
-number of subtests
-what does it measure
- 6-16 years
- Nine subtests
- Assessing:
– Selective attention
– Sustained attention
– Attention control
– Response inhibition - Dutch and Australian norms available
processes of memory in chronological order?
encoding
storage
retrieval
what is the difference btwn recognition and retrieval?
retrieval is being able to reproduce previously learnt information
duration of sensory register
milli- to seconds
duration & capacity short-term memory
several minutes
~7 items
duration and capacity long term memory
hours, days, months, years
capacity > 7 items
what is the development of short-term/ and working memory (temporary) influenced by?
repetition speed and
development of strategies such as chunking
development of WM/STM?
Gradual increase in memory span
* 3-4 items: 3 years old
* 5-6 items: 9 years old
* 7 or more: early adolescence
why does implicit memory develop earlier than explicit memory?
the basal ganglia and
brainstem are relatively well developed at birth.
what is the contingent leg kicking paradigm and what does it measure?
an infant’s leg is tethered to an overhead mobile and subsequent leg kicks cause the mobile to move providing reinforcement to the infant; when you put them in same crib sometime later, they
move the leg that was attached to the mobile;
measure of implicit, procured memory.
what areas (related to explicit memory) are less developed at birth?
The hippocampus and medial temporal lobe
what is the delayed non-matching to sample task?
The DNMS task requires the subject to compare a presented sample object with a previously presented comparison object and encourages the selection of a novel object with an object’s second presentation. An edible reward is given to the subject to encourage the novel item selection. After learning the rule for avoiding the familiar object in favor of novelty, the delay period between object demonstrations is increased from 10 to 120 seconds and the number of displayed objects requiring recollection increases
involved in hippocampal regions (lesions in monkeys impaired performance on dnms task)
what is the conscious memory system in place at birth and what does it develop into? + areas involved
at birth: pre-explicit system > mainly hippocampus
after birth gradually develops into: explicit system > hippocampus + temporal cortex
in dnms what systems are in place?
explicit: pointing preference
pre-explicit: looking preference
what brain area involved in memory takes even longer to develop? and what exactly is it involved in?
the prefrontal lobe
is involved in organisation of memory and retrieval strategies (metacognition)
when does source memory develop?
after 4 years of age
what develops earlier; recognition or recall?
recall develops earlier
can you have semantic memory without episodic memory?
yes, you don’t need to remember where you learnt it
jon had a premature birth (26 weeks) and showed impaired episodic memory;
impaired spatial memory but normal semantic memory, normal intelligence, verbal functions
also normal, recognition better than recollection.
what are possible explanations of early injury of hippocampus in JON and being able to recognize but nog recollect and normal semantic memory?
(1) recollection recognition memory
is impaired, semantic and familiarity recognition memory intact (static model)
(2) Temporary projections of rhinal cortex to hippocampus remain because of lesion,
therefore intact semantic memory
(3) Reorganisation of memory network (more bilateral activity in Jon compared to controls)
what is developmental amnesia?
memory disorder resulting from abnormal neural development or damage before birth, usually no laterality effects. Different aspects of memory can be impaired in different combinations. Selective, therefore the other cognitive functions often develop normally.
what is retrograde amnesia?
loss of memory of previously learnt information.
what is anterograde amnesia?
inability to learn new information. Patients with amnesia usually have
problems forming new explicit memories. Implicit learning often remains intact.
what are causes of acquired memory disorders?
Causes:
* Traumatic brain injury
* Anoxia
* Epilepsy
* Tumour
* Neurosurgery
what is the corsi block test and what does is measure?
9 blokjes voor participant, proefleider tikt blokjes in bepaalde volgorde aan, participant moet die volgorde nadoen meerdere keren
measures short term memory
what tests measure STM?
WISC-V series of numbers and
corsi block test
Rey auditory verbal learning test
what is it & what age group
(Dutch version, 15 woorden test)
6-12 years old
what tests measure recall/retention?
rey auditory verbal learning test
15 woorden test
story recall test (immediate and delayed reproduction)
what is measured with the kaufman abc II test + what are the norms?
norms: 3-18 yo
non-verbal working memory:
- Movements of the hand: copying movements of the hand in a certain order
Spatial memory:
- remembering the position of a picture
on a page - Recognising faces: recognising a certain face from a
large group of faces
what is Rey complex figure for implicit non-verbal memory and what are the norms?
6-89 yo
It includes immediate copy and delayed recall. Subjects copy complex geometric shapes and then reproduce them from memory. The neuropsychological dysfunction of a subject can be assessed by drawing performance, including attention and concentration, fine-motor coordination, visuospatial perception, non-verbal memory, planning and organization, and spatial orientation
disadv; strong learning effect
EF: when do growth spurs in prefrontal myelinisation occur?
– 0-2 years
– 7-9 years
– 16-19 years
when does object permanence develop?
after 7 months of age
what are two aspects in the A not B task?
short term memory and inhibition of previous response
name four components of EF
- Attentional control
- Cognitive flexibility
- Goal setting
- Information processing
in normal development of attentional control, when does it develop?
starts in babies, and goes
quickly during the first years of life.
– Growth spurt around 15 years old
when do cognitive flexibility, goal setting and information processing develop?
Later, usually btwn 7-9 yo and is relatively mature around 12 yo
followed by integration with executive control
how do you measure cognitive flexibility and what are the norms?
w/ the WCST
6.5-89
what test measures divided attention and what are norms?
version B of trail making test> from 12 years onwards
what test measures planning?
norms
tower of london
7-15 & 16-80
what test measures inhibition?
luria hand gestures and tapping game
what is bads-c?
8-16 years): playing cards test, water
test, key searching test, zoo map test, six-part test, DEX questionnaire.
brief
Questionnaire (86 items) completed by parents/teacher
* From 5-18 years.
* Two factors
– Regulation of behaviour (inhibit, shift, and emotional control)
– Metacognition (initiate, working memory, plan/organise, organisation of
materials, and monitor)
