HC1 Flashcards
Lateralization
Two hemispheres with partly different functions
What is more typical of the left hemisphere?
producing and understanding language, semantic memory
What is more typical of the right hemisphere?
visual-spatial orientation and processing emotional and social stimuli
Low processes
primary projection, limbic system, brain stem=
habits, learned, automized, unconscious processes
High processes
cortical areas such as frontal cortex=
conscious processes
cns is composed of motor and sensory neurons, which are;
sensory (afferent) neurons=
carry messages from outside the body (from sensory receptors such as eyes, ears etc) into the brain or spinal cord
motor (efferent) neurons=
send messages from the cns (brain or spinal cord) to the muscles that control voluntary movement (the skeletal muscles)
sympathetic nervous system
physical activation, organizes fight-or-flight response
parasympathetic nervous system
slows down body processes (such as digestion etc.) and maintains a state of relaxiation
function of the spinal cord
Organization
of reflexes: no conscious decisions
Contains motor and sensory nerves
Hindbrain
Brainstem supports:
supports vital life
functions
– Medulla: heart rate and
respiration
– Pons: sleep and arousal
Hindbrain
Cerebelllum involved in
involved in complex
rapidly changing movements
that require precise timing,
memory and learning
Midbrain; associated with
tectum & tegmentum
vision,
hearing, motor control, sleep and
wakefulness, arousal (alertness), and
temperature regulation
Midbrain
Tectum has the superior collicus and inferior collicus which are
superior collicus receives input from optic nerve
inferior collicus receives input from aitory nerve
both integrate information and give direct commands to muscles and spinal cord
tegmentum
1) red nucleus (a role in motor
co-ordination)
2) substantia nigra (produces
dopamine, involved in motor-planning,
learning, addiction, and other functions)
3) ventral tegmental area
(contains a complex synaptic network of
neurons, primarily involved in
homeostasis and reflex actions)
–> is the largest dopamine-producing area in the brain, and
is heavily involved in the neural
reward system
forebrain consists of
hypothalamus
thalamus
limbic system
basal ganglia
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
Motivation and emotion: sexual behavior, aggression, regulates temperature, sleeping, eating, direct contact with pituitary gland
thalamus
Distributes all information to other parts where processing is going further (esp cerebral cortex)
Brain rececives light> brain takes picture
Look around: I see faces/ difference between boys or girls> brain: all info that’s mirrored from the eye and disconnected from visual field: what neurons only can do is becoming connected when I see certain angle: brain takes pictures of all different aspects: brain comprises it into one picture: not what light does to your eyes: it’s a construction of the environment
limbic system coordinates behaviours
needed to satisfy motivational and emotional
urges
consists of;
Hippocampus: important for storing and retrieving memories which we can recall, stored in long term memory when important (when this is damaged you’re not able to store new memories, are able to store old ones, retrieving is usually possible) (connected to amygdala)
Cingulate gyrus:
conflict or error detection
remember u have 2 hemispheres, when u look at both of them just above corpus calossum, then u look at cingulate gyrus, so its in the middle of the two, becomes activated when not clear what best response is, I can do this or that, so need more process deep process before making decision. Right and ;eft part
Amygdala: able to respond quickly to stimuli, activated when stimulus is salient/important
basal ganglia…
consists of
learning and controlling voluntary movements
– Caudate nucleus
– Putamen
– Globus pallidus
cerebral cortex…
outer layer of brain called grey matter because there is no fatty substance myelinzation here and just dendrites
2 hemispheres connected via corpus callosum and consists of 4 lobes:
Frontal = motor, planning, thinking, working memory, execution of goal-directed
behaviour
- Parietal = tactile, somatic sensory information, orienting, associative functions
- Occipital= primary visual cortex
- Temporal= auditory cortex, perception of social stimuli, language
frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex
motor, planning, thinking, working memory (WM), execution of goal-directed behavior
parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex
tactile, somatic sensory information, orienting, associative functions
occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex
primary visual cortex
temporal lobe of cerebral cortex
auditory cortex, perception of social stimuli, language
