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Honors Biology > HBio Semester 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

HBio Semester 1 Study Guide Flashcards

94 on the final!!!!!!

1
Q

Experimental group

A

The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or variable being tested.

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2
Q

Control group

A

The group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or variable being tested.

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3
Q

Variable

A

Any factor or condition that can be controlled, changed, or measured in an experiment.

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4
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable that is being measured or observed in an experiment. It depends on the independent variable.D

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5
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that is deliberately changed or manipulated by the experimenter.

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6
Q

X-axis

A

The horizontal axis on a graph. It represents the independent variable.

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7
Q

Y-axis

A

The vertical axis on a graph. It represents the dependent variable.

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8
Q

Metric prefixes

A

Prefixes used to indicate decimal multiples or submultiples of a unit of measurement.

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9
Q

Kilo

A

A metric prefix meaning 1000 times.

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10
Q

Centi

A

A metric prefix meaning 1/100th or 0.01 times.

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11
Q

Milli

A

A metric prefix meaning 1/1000th or 0.001 times.

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12
Q

Micro

A

A metric prefix meaning 1/1,000,000th or 0.000001 times.

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13
Q

Nano

A

A metric prefix meaning 1/1,000,000,000th or 0.000000001 times.

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14
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment can support indefinitely.

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15
Q

Exponential growth

A

Population growth that occurs when resources are unlimited. It follows a J-shaped curve.

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16
Q

Logistic growth

A

Population growth that occurs when resources are limited. It follows an S-shaped curve.

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17
Q

Survivorship curves

A

Graphs that show the number of individuals surviving at each age for a given species.

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18
Q

Density-dependent controls

A

Factors that limit population growth and are influenced by population density, such as competition and disease.

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19
Q

Density-independent controls

A

Factors that limit population growth and are not influenced by population density, such as natural disasters.

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20
Q

Demographic transition

A

The transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops.

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21
Q

Age structure diagram

A

A graph that shows the distribution of age groups in a population.

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22
Q

Realized niche

A

The actual range of environmental conditions in which a species can establish a stable population.

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23
Q

Fundamental niche

A

The entire range of environmental conditions in which a species can potentially survive and reproduce.

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24
Q

Niche overlap

A

When the niches of two species have some degree of similarity or overlap.

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25
Mutualism
An interspecific interaction where both species benefit.
26
Commensalism
An interspecific interaction where one species benefits and the other is unaffected.
27
Interspecific competition
An interaction between individuals of different species competing for the same limited resources.
28
Intraspecific competition
An interaction between individuals of the same species competing for the same limited resources.
29
Primary succession
The colonization of barren land by communities of organisms where no soil exists.
30
Secondary succession
The colonization of an area that has been disturbed but still retains soil.
31
Pioneer species
The first species to colonize a barren or disturbed area in primary succession.
32
Climax community
The stable, mature community that eventually develops after a series of successional stages.
33
Producers
Organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
34
Primary consumers
Organisms that consume producers and are herbivores.
35
Tertiary consumers
Organisms that consume secondary consumers and are usually carnivores.
36
Carnivores
Organisms that primarily eat other animals.
37
Omnivores
Organisms that eat both plants and animals.
38
Trophic level
The position an organism occupies in a food chain or food web.
39
Nitrogen cycle
The biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of nitrogen through the biosphere.
40
Carbon cycle
The biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of carbon through the biosphere.
41
Subatomic particles
Particles that make up atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons.
42
Where are protons found in an atom?
Protons are found in the nucleus.
43
What is the charge of a proton?
Protons are positively charged
44
Where are neutrons found in an atom?
Neutrons are found in the nucleus in an atom
45
What is the charge of a neutron?
Neutrons are neutrally charged
46
Where are electrons located?
Electrons are located on the outermost regions of the atom
47
What is the charge of an electron?
Electrons are negatively charged
48
Atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
49
Mass Number
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
50
Atomic weight
The average mass of all the isotopes of an element, taking into account their abundance.
51
Isotope
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
52
Ionic bond
A chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges.
53
Nonpolar covalent bond
A chemical bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms.
54
Polar covalent bond
A chemical bond where electrons are shared unequally between atoms, creating partial charges.
55
Hydrogen bond
A weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.
56
Valence electrons
The electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom.
57
Polarity of water
The unequal distribution of electrons in a water molecule, resulting in a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom.
58
pH
A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
59
Functional groups
Specific groups of atoms that determine the properties and chemical reactivity of organic molecules.
60
Isomers
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
61
Organic compounds
Compounds that contain carbon and are typically found in living organisms.
62
Dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction that links monomers together to form polymers, releasing a water molecule.
63
Hydrolysis
A chemical reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule.
64
Surface area to volume ratio
The ratio of the surface area of an object to its volume. It is important for cells because it affects the exchange of materials with the environment.
65
Prokaryotic cells
Cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
66
Eukaryotic cells
Cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
67
Nucleus
The organelle that contains the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell.
68
Ribosome
The organelle responsible for protein synthesis.
69
Endoplasmic reticulum
A network of membranes involved in the synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids.
70
Mitochondria
The organelles responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
71
Chloroplast
The organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.
72
Lysosome
The organelles responsible for the digestion of cellular waste and debris.
73
Golgi apparatus
The organelle responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for transport.
74
Central vacuole
The organelle responsible for storage of water, nutrients, and waste in plant cells.
75
Cell wall
A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support and protection in eukaryotic plant cells.
76
Cell membrane
A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell and regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
77
Polypeptide/secretory pathway
The process by which proteins are synthesized, modified, and transported out of the cell.
78
Phospholipids
The main component of the cell membrane, consisting of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.
79
The main component of the cell membrane, consisting of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.
Carbohydrate molecules attached to lipids or proteins on the cell membrane surface.
80
Passive transport
The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy.
81
Simple diffusion
small noncharged molecules or lipid soluble molecules pass between the phospholipids to enter or leave the cell, moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
82
Facilitated diffusion
he passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient. It is a selective process, i.e., the membrane allows only selective molecules and ions to pass through it.
83
Active transport
The movement of substances across a cell membrane with the use of energy.
84
Exocytosis
The process by which materials are exported out of the cell through vesicles fusing with the cell membrane.
85
Endocytosis
The process by which materials are taken into the cell through vesicles forming from the cell membrane.
86
Diffusion
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
87
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
88
Hypotonic
A solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another solution.
89
Hypertonic
A solution with a higher solute concentration compared to another solution.
90
Isotonic
A solution with the same solute concentration compared to another solution.

Honors Biology (16 decks)

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