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Honors Biology > HBio Semester 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

HBio Semester 1 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Experimental group

A

The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or variable being tested.

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2
Q

Control group

A

The group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or variable being tested.

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3
Q

Variable

A

Any factor or condition that can be controlled, changed, or measured in an experiment.

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4
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable that is being measured or observed in an experiment. It depends on the independent variable.D

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5
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that is deliberately changed or manipulated by the experimenter.

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6
Q

X-axis

A

The horizontal axis on a graph. It represents the independent variable.

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7
Q

Y-axis

A

The vertical axis on a graph. It represents the dependent variable.

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8
Q

Metric prefixes

A

Prefixes used to indicate decimal multiples or submultiples of a unit of measurement.

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9
Q

Kilo

A

A metric prefix meaning 1000 times.

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10
Q

Centi

A

A metric prefix meaning 1/100th or 0.01 times.

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11
Q

Milli

A

A metric prefix meaning 1/1000th or 0.001 times.

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12
Q

Micro

A

A metric prefix meaning 1/1,000,000th or 0.000001 times.

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13
Q

Nano

A

A metric prefix meaning 1/1,000,000,000th or 0.000000001 times.

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14
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment can support indefinitely.

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15
Q

Exponential growth

A

Population growth that occurs when resources are unlimited. It follows a J-shaped curve.

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16
Q

Logistic growth

A

Population growth that occurs when resources are limited. It follows an S-shaped curve.

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17
Q

Survivorship curves

A

Graphs that show the number of individuals surviving at each age for a given species.

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18
Q

Density-dependent controls

A

Factors that limit population growth and are influenced by population density, such as competition and disease.

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19
Q

Density-independent controls

A

Factors that limit population growth and are not influenced by population density, such as natural disasters.

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20
Q

Demographic transition

A

The transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops.

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21
Q

Age structure diagram

A

A graph that shows the distribution of age groups in a population.

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22
Q

Realized niche

A

The actual range of environmental conditions in which a species can establish a stable population.

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23
Q

Fundamental niche

A

The entire range of environmental conditions in which a species can potentially survive and reproduce.

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24
Q

Niche overlap

A

When the niches of two species have some degree of similarity or overlap.

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25
Q

Mutualism

A

An interspecific interaction where both species benefit.

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26
Q

Commensalism

A

An interspecific interaction where one species benefits and the other is unaffected.

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27
Q

Interspecific competition

A

An interaction between individuals of different species competing for the same limited resources.

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28
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

An interaction between individuals of the same species competing for the same limited resources.

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29
Q

Primary succession

A

The colonization of barren land by communities of organisms where no soil exists.

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30
Q

Secondary succession

A

The colonization of an area that has been disturbed but still retains soil.

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31
Q

Pioneer species

A

The first species to colonize a barren or disturbed area in primary succession.

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32
Q

Climax community

A

The stable, mature community that eventually develops after a series of successional stages.

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33
Q

Producers

A

Organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

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34
Q

Primary consumers

A

Organisms that consume producers and are herbivores.

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35
Q

Tertiary consumers

A

Organisms that consume secondary consumers and are usually carnivores.

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36
Q

Carnivores

A

Organisms that primarily eat other animals.

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37
Q

Omnivores

A

Organisms that eat both plants and animals.

38
Q

Trophic level

A

The position an organism occupies in a food chain or food web.

39
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

The biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of nitrogen through the biosphere.

40
Q

Carbon cycle

A

The biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of carbon through the biosphere.

41
Q

Subatomic particles

A

Particles that make up atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons.

42
Q

Where are protons found in an atom?

A

Protons are found in the nucleus.

43
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

Protons are positively charged

44
Q

Where are neutrons found in an atom?

A

Neutrons are found in the nucleus in an atom

45
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

Neutrons are neutrally charged

46
Q

Where are electrons located?

A

Electrons are located on the outermost regions of the atom

47
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

Electrons are negatively charged

48
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

49
Q

Mass Number

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

50
Q

Atomic weight

A

The average mass of all the isotopes of an element, taking into account their abundance.

51
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

52
Q

Ionic bond

A

A chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges.

53
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

A chemical bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms.

54
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

A chemical bond where electrons are shared unequally between atoms, creating partial charges.

55
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.

56
Q

Valence electrons

A

The electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom.

57
Q

Polarity of water

A

The unequal distribution of electrons in a water molecule, resulting in a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom.

58
Q

pH

A

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

59
Q

Functional groups

A

Specific groups of atoms that determine the properties and chemical reactivity of organic molecules.

60
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.

61
Q

Organic compounds

A

Compounds that contain carbon and are typically found in living organisms.

62
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

A chemical reaction that links monomers together to form polymers, releasing a water molecule.

63
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A chemical reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule.

64
Q

Surface area to volume ratio

A

The ratio of the surface area of an object to its volume. It is important for cells because it affects the exchange of materials with the environment.

65
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

66
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

67
Q

Nucleus

A

The organelle that contains the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell.

68
Q

Ribosome

A

The organelle responsible for protein synthesis.

69
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

A network of membranes involved in the synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids.

70
Q

Mitochondria

A

The organelles responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.

71
Q

Chloroplast

A

The organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.

72
Q

Lysosome

A

The organelles responsible for the digestion of cellular waste and debris.

73
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

The organelle responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for transport.

74
Q

Central vacuole

A

The organelle responsible for storage of water, nutrients, and waste in plant cells.

75
Q

Cell wall

A

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support and protection in eukaryotic plant cells.

76
Q

Cell membrane

A

A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell and regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

77
Q

Polypeptide/secretory pathway

A

The process by which proteins are synthesized, modified, and transported out of the cell.

78
Q

Phospholipids

A

The main component of the cell membrane, consisting of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

79
Q

The main component of the cell membrane, consisting of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

A

Carbohydrate molecules attached to lipids or proteins on the cell membrane surface.

80
Q

Passive transport

A

The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy.

81
Q

Simple diffusion

A

small noncharged molecules or lipid soluble molecules pass between the phospholipids to enter or leave the cell, moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

82
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

he passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient. It is a selective process, i.e., the membrane allows only selective molecules and ions to pass through it.

83
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of substances across a cell membrane with the use of energy.

84
Q

Exocytosis

A

The process by which materials are exported out of the cell through vesicles fusing with the cell membrane.

85
Q

Endocytosis

A

The process by which materials are taken into the cell through vesicles forming from the cell membrane.

86
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

87
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

88
Q

Hypotonic

A

A solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another solution.

89
Q

Hypertonic

A

A solution with a higher solute concentration compared to another solution.

90
Q

Isotonic

A

A solution with the same solute concentration compared to another solution.

Honors Biology (16 decks)

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