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National Board Exam > Hazards, Precautions, Etc. > Flashcards

Hazards, Precautions, Etc. Flashcards

1
Q

How many hospitalized patients in the US acquire 1 or more healthcare associated infections?

A

5-10% or 2 million people a year

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2
Q

What does HAI stand for?

A

healthcare-associated infections

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3
Q

What are the 4 most prevalent infections?

A

Urinary tract infections (catheter associated 35%)
Surgical site infections (20%, but 1/3 of the costs)
Bloodstream infections (15%)
Pneumonia (15% and usually ventilator-associated. accounts for 25% of mortality)

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4
Q

What organization makes the rules for ensuring workers have safe working environment?

A

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

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5
Q

What organization enforces the rules and standards set forth?

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

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6
Q

What is methylmethacrylate?

A

Glue used in ortho rooms that can cause respiratory and genitourinary problems

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7
Q

What anesthetic vapor was known to cause/increase likelihood of Hepatitis and therefore is no longer used?

A

Halothane

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8
Q

What patient population is automatically treated as having a latex allergy?

A

Spina bifida (congenital birth defect)

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9
Q

What does PPE stand for?

A

Proper precautions equipment

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10
Q

You should stand at least _____ ft away from radiation to be safe for a 1 time zap IE. chest x-ray in PACU

A

6

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11
Q

Name the 4 risks associated with lasers?

A

Thermal burns
Eye injury
Electrical hazard
Fire/Explosions

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12
Q

What should healthcare personnel always wear in room with lasers?

A

Proper eye protection and high-efficiency laser mask

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13
Q

What percent of error in anesthesia management is attributed to fatigue?

A

64% by far the highest

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14
Q

For transmission of infection to occur, what must be present/required

A 
Source
Stabile pathogen
Adequate numbers
Infectivity of agent
Appropriate vector
Portal of entry
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15
Q

What respiratory infections can be transmitted by aerosolization (coughing sneezing airborne)

A

Influenza
Measles
TB

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16
Q

What respiratory infections can be transmitted by self inoculation (direct)

A

Rhinovirus

Respiratory syncital virus (RSV)

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17
Q

This disease leads to 36 K deaths a year, is very easily transmitted, and pt should be isolated bc disease is shed for 5 days

A

INFLUENZA

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18
Q

T OR F: If a patient has measles, mumps, or rubella, they can still have surgery?

A

FALSE–no surgery for these patients

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19
Q

All about rubeola:

A

aka measles
Transmitted aerosol
Carries fever and 3 c’s: cough, coryza,and conjunctivitis

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20
Q

All about rubella:

A

aka german measles
most adults immune
Can cause birth defects and miscarriages in 1st trimester

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21
Q

All about mumps:

A

transmitted by airborne droplets
swelling of salivary and parotid glands
most often seen in children 5-9 YO

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22
Q

All about respiratory syncytial virus (RSV):

A

most severe cause of lower respiratory disease in children
transmitted by self-inoculation–Infected children can shed virus for 7 days
viable on skin for 6 hours
can have recurrent asthma for 6 months

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23
Q

What is the common cold called?

A

Rhinovirus

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of Herpes virus?

A

Varicella-zoster (VZV)
HSV 1 & 2
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

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25
Q

All about VZV:

A

aka chicken pox and shingles
transmitted to immuno-compromised patients
communicability 1-2 days before pt will show symptoms and lasts 5-6 days

26
Q

All about herpes simplex type 1:

A

severe oral lesions and pt has fever
transmitted by self-inoculation
can lead to encephalitis

27
Q

All about cytomegalovirus (CMV):

A

usually in childhood
transmitted by direct contact
can spread to fetus during pregnancy

28
Q

Which is the “bad guy” of hepatitis?

A

Hep C

transmitted by blood/body fluids

29
Q

All about Hepatitis B:

A

seroconversion up to 30%
can develop cirrhosis and ESLD
HBV primary prevention strategy

30
Q

All about hep C:

A

leading cause of chronic liver disease

seroconversion 1.8%

31
Q

What is seroconversion?

A

Exposure to a disease that will turn into an active disease in the exposed

32
Q

All about Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV):

A

seroconversion 0.3%
increased risk with blood, deep injury, needle sticks
is terminal illness, death within 2 months

33
Q

All about Tuberculosis (TB)

A 
transmitted through airborne particles
Protection: N95 mask
detected with skin PPD test
Elective surgeries should be postponed until pt no longer infectious
non-elective performed at end of day
34
Q

Is urine considered to be sterile?

A

YES

35
Q

Fluids that can be considered infectious?

A

Blood, bloody fluids
CSF fluid
Amniotic/pleural/pericardial fluids
Peritoneal/ synovial fluids

36
Q

What is the single most important action in prevention of the spread of infection?

A

Hand washing

37
Q

What is the recommended minimal amount of time to scrub hands?

A

15 seconds

38
Q

If spraying or splashing of fluids is anticipated during surgery, what should be worn?

A

Mask, eye protection, gowns

39
Q

What goes in the blue contamination bags?

A

soiled linens

40
Q

Needles or other sharps go in what bin?

A

RED

41
Q

The reusable gowns go in which container?

A

green

42
Q

For all airborne precautions, you should wear what PPD(device)/PPE(equipment)?

A

N-95 mask

Do not have contact with mumps,measles, or rubella unless immune

43
Q

What procedure is done to a person who tested positive on a PPD?

A

Chest x-ray (CXR)

44
Q

T OR F: All patients are treated as if they have a communicable blood and/or body fluid infection?

A

TRUE

45
Q

Define cleaning

A

removal of foreign material

46
Q

Define antiseptic

A

chemical germicide for use on living tissue

iodine, chlorohexadine

47
Q

Define disinfectant

A

chemical germicide for use on non-living items

bleach

48
Q

Define sterile:

A

completely free of all microorganisms

49
Q

Define sterilization

A

process that results in probability of microorganism survival on an item is <1:1000000

50
Q

What are the disinfection levels?

A

High level- kills fungi, viruses, and vegetative bacteria (no endospores)
Intermediate-level: kills fungi, large viruses, and bacteria (no endospores)
low-level : kills fungi, some viruses and bacteria (exception TB endospores)

51
Q

T or F: Any item which comes in contact with mucous membranes but does not penetrate body surface must be washed and cleaned with high-level disinfectant

A

TRUE

laryngoscopes, bronchoscopes

52
Q

Define simple cleaning:

A

soap and water

53
Q

Define antiseptic cleaning:

A

substance that has antimicrobial activity and that can be applied to living tissue

54
Q

Define steam sterilization:

A

autoclaving: kills everything b/c of pressure and temperature
15 min @ 121C
10 min @ 126C
3.5 min @ 134*C
confirmed by indicator strip on inside of tray

55
Q

What is the most widely used of the chlorine disinfectants and used on tables, floors, and equipment?

A

Chlorine (hypochlorite)

56
Q

What food allergies are also associated with latex allergy?

A

avocado, kiwi, banana, chestnuts, stone fruit

57
Q

What past medical history can be associated with latex allergy?

A

hay fever
rhinitis
asthma
eczema

58
Q

When do you want to schedule surgeries for patients who have latex allergy?

A

First cases of the day

59
Q

Betadine allergy patients can also be allergic to?

A

Shellfish

60
Q

Which vein carries the lowest risk of catheter related infections?

A

subclavian

61
Q

Describe the best prevention for IV catheter related infections:

A

Single lumen
full body wraps when placing catheter
transparent, semi-permeable dressings

National Board Exam (36 decks)

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