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A Level Physical Geography > Hazards- Case Studies > Flashcards

Hazards- Case Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

2011 Japanese tsunami- impacts

A
  • debris covered streets
  • transport links destroyed
  • defences only designed to cope with 12m waves (these reached 40m)
  • nuclear plant melted (but was saved)
  • cost Japan $200 billion
  • 16,000 people killed
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2
Q

2004 Indonesia tsunami- effects

A
  • debris covered streets
  • transport links destroyed
  • buildings collapsed
  • people killed and injured
  • boats moved inland
  • infrastructure destroyed
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3
Q

2011 Japanese tsunami- responses

A
  • better machinery to search for people (MIC)
  • Japan mainly funded rescue effort themselves
  • 3 organ transplants took place- good temporary hospitals
  • charities sent to Japan- but not relied upon
  • nuclear experts fixed reactor in meltdown
  • internal response teams at the scene in 6 minutes
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4
Q

2004 Indonesia tsunami- responses

A
  • relied on foreign aid from countries such as US and UK
  • some areas of Indonesia still in ruin- can’t afford repairs
  • charities and foreign governments sent millions
  • had no specialist rescue teams themselves or equipment
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5
Q

East African Rift Valley

A

LOCATION:
-along east coast of Africa
-extends 300km
-extension rate of 0.5cm per year
WHAT HAS FORMED:
-large lakes
-small lates evaporate-form thick salt deposits
-volcanoes eg. Mt Kilimanjaro and Mt Kenya
BENEFITS:
-geothermal power source (millions get electricity)
-many paleo anthropological discoveries made

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6
Q

San Andreas Fault- background

A
  • extends 800 miles through California
  • forms tectonic boundary between Pacific Plate and North American Plate
  • Desert Hot Springs and San Bernardino lie on the fault line
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7
Q

San Andreas Fault- predicted impact

A
  • levelled San Francisco in 1906
  • 7% chance of a magnitude 8 earthquake in the next 30 years
  • hundreds of buildings would be destroyed
  • estimated damage: $200 billion
  • estimated 50,000 injuries and 2000 deaths
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8
Q

San Andreas Fault- monitoring

A
  • holes drilled 2-3km into the ground
  • instruments installed to measure physical and chemical process
  • seismometers send background info
  • seismologists predict where earthquakes will occur and their magnitude
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9
Q

Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruption- effects

A

PRIMARY:
-people in rural areas had to wear goggles to protect themselves from gas
-500 farmers evacuated
-ash contaminated water supply (killed sheep)
-flights had to be cancelled due to ash cloud
SECONDARY:
-roads closed meaning people couldn’t reach schools/work/hospitals
-trans Atlantic flights and European flights cancelled which cost companies £130 million per day
-Kenya could not export 20% of its goods to Europe- impacted their economy
-3000 tonnes of CO2 released each day
-flooding from glacial melting

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10
Q

Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruption- short term responses

A
  • hundreds of people evacuated
  • embankment deliberately breached to allow floodwater to pass through into the sea
  • Netherlands Red Cross set up 1500 beds in Amsterdam Airport
  • Belgian Red Cross distributed food and drinks
  • over 8 days around 100,000 flights were cancelled
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11
Q

Eyjafjallajökull- long term responses

A
  • main highway in Iceland reconstructed after a few weeks
  • research conducted into effect of ash on aircrafts
  • flood defences reconstructed
  • EU funded research into better warning systems (£6 million)
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12
Q

Nepal earthquake 2015- background

A
  • very poor (157th richest nation)
  • government can’t build earthquake proof buildings
  • located on a destructive plate boundary (Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate)
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13
Q

Nepal earthquake 2015- effects

A 
SOCIAL
-18 climbers and Sherpas killed 
-8000 killed 
-14,500 injured 
-2.8 million made homeless 
ECONOMIC
-communication lines cut off 
-many tourist destinations damaged 
-roads needed reconstructing 
-country ‘put back’ 100 years by the event 
POLITICAL
-epicentre was Kathmandu- the capital city
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14
Q

Nepal earthquake 2015- responses

A

SHORT TERM
-people fled from buildings
-people carried to temporary hospitals
-rescue teams searched through rubble
-solar lights and tents distributed
-emergency food and water provided
-£41 million donated by British citizens
LONG TERM
-medical teams remain active- provide psychological support
-millions of litres of clean water for survivors
-UN development programme in place
-stricter building codes enforced by government

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15
Q

Typhoon Haiyan 2013- causes

A
  • sea level rise (around the Philippines is 3x greater than the global average)
  • natural changes in the winds
  • abstracting too much groundwater- some parts of the country sank
  • climate change
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16
Q

Typhoon Haiyan 2013- responses

A
  • World Food Programme supplies delivered by US military
  • supplies carried by helicopters to outplaying regions
  • UK’s Disaster Emergency Committee raised £13 million
  • UK and US sent navy vessels
  • 45 international humanitarian agencies used cash transfers
  • Philippines government promised more restrictions on private buildings
17
Q

Typhoon Haiyan 2013- effects

A
  • 4m high cyclone
  • category 5 typhoon- 195mph winds
  • 9 million people affected
  • 1.9 million homeless
  • lack of proper sanitation led to spread of disease
  • many areas flooded
  • oil and sewage leaked into ecosystems
  • economic impact estimated at $2.9 billion
18
Q

Hurricane Sandy- social impacts

A 
HAITI
-1.5 million at risk of food shortages 
-70-80% of crops washed away 
-54 people killed 
USA 
-111 killed (37 in New York)
-fire and ambulance services relocated 
-many people lost their homes (80 in Queens)
19
Q

Hurricane Sandy- economic impacts

A

HAITI
-£24 million cost to replace lost food supplies
USA
-damage estimated at $63 billion
-major traffic in NYC
-business reports from companies across the world delayed (as stock market closed for 2 days)

20
Q

Hurricane Sandy- political impacts

A

USA

  • interrupted presidential election campaign
  • Obama went to help those affected by the hurricane
  • local politicians had to make tough decisions about rebuilding
21
Q

Hurricane Sandy- environmental impacts

A

USA

  • east coast experienced 144km/h winds
  • storm surges rose 6-7m causing severe flooding
  • snow storm in NYC
22
Q

Hurricane Sandy- short term responses

A
  • American Red Cross sent 17,000 volunteers
  • $313.1 million in donations
  • temporary shelters set up
  • federal government provided $60 billion in emergency aid
  • American Red Cross- $94 million on emergency food and water
  • 17.5 million meals and 7 million emergency relief items provided
23
Q

Hurricane Sandy- long term responses

A
  • federal government funded $50 billion worth of rebuilding projects
  • NYC and Wall Street repaired first
  • American Red Cross set up Move-in Assistance Programme which provided financial assistance to 5100 households
24
Q

Alberta wildfire 2016- social impacts

A
  • 90,000 residents of Fort McMurray out of work
  • 2400 homes destroyed
  • lack of water and electricity
  • several thousands left homeless
  • 2600 residents of Fort McMurray had to stay at the university
25
Q

Alberta Wildfire 2016- economic impacts

A
  • oil production down by £1 million per day
  • world oil prices rose briefly
  • $98.5 million lost due to stoppages
  • rebuilding efforts will cost $1.3 billion
  • insurers payed out $9 billion
26
Q

Alberta Wildfire 2016- political impacts

A
  • government lost money on oil royalties
  • more debates about the impact of climate change
  • government had to oversea evacuation programmes
  • reconstruction programmes coordinated
27
Q

Alberta Wildfire 2016- environmental impacts

A
  • Boreal ecosystem severely affected
  • several million tonnes of CO2 released
  • 230,000 hectares engulfed by fire
  • toxins released by burning buildings
  • sewage systems blocked by ash
28
Q

The Philippines- Mt Pinatubo eruption 1991

A
  • lots of ash and tephra
  • tropical storm mixed ash with rain-formed lahars
  • rivers altered
  • climate cooled by 2 degrees for 2 years
  • hundreds of thousands evacuated
  • ash reached 100,000 feet into the air

A Level Physical Geography (26 decks)

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