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A Level Physical Geography > Coasts- Coastal Management > Flashcards

Coasts- Coastal Management Flashcards

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1
Q

Reasons for coastal management

A
  • coastal erosion
  • coastal flooding
  • failure of former defences
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2
Q

Why are coastal defences becoming increasingly more important?

A
  • global warming- sea level rise
  • high sea levels increase risk of flooding
  • increasing population- more people living there increases value of land
  • failure of past defences- some areas now starved of sediment and more exposed to erosion
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3
Q

Definition of ‘hold the line’

A

Maintain current defences or build new ones to ensure the coastline stays where it is

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4
Q

Definition of ‘advance the line’

A

Build new defences seaward if existing line

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5
Q

Definition of ‘retreat the line’ (managed retreat)

A

Allow the coastline to retreat due to flooding and erosion but closely manage the rate and location of this retreat

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6
Q

Define ‘do nothing’ as a management strategy

A

Low value areas of land left to natural coastal processes as not deemed valuable enough to spend money on defences

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7
Q

Social factors which may dictate the chosen management strategy

A
  • number of people directly impacted
  • history/culture
  • employment
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8
Q

Economic factors which may dictate the chosen management strategy

A
  • value of infrastructure and housing
  • value of businesses
  • cost of the defences
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9
Q

Environmental factors which may dictate the chosen management strategy

A
  • value of ecosystem
  • how common the ecosystem is
  • pollution to ecosystem
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10
Q

Political factors which may dictate the chosen management strategy

A
  • who will fund the project eg. local council
  • voter opinion/importance
  • relationship with other areas
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11
Q

What is a Cost Benefit Analysis?

A
  • a cost benefit analysis is carried out before a coastal management project is given the go ahead
  • costs are forecast and then compared with the expected benefits
  • a project where cost exceeds benefit is unlikely to be given permission to go ahead
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12
Q

What are ‘tangible’ costs and benefits?

A

Where costs and benefits are known and can be given a monetary value

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13
Q

What are ‘intangible’ costs and benefits?

A

Where costs may be difficult to assess but are important (eg. visual impact)

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14
Q

What is beach nourishment?

A

The addition of sand/pebbles to an existing beach to make it higher or wider
The sediment is usually dredged from the nearby seabed

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15
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of beach nourishment

A

ADVANTAGES-
-relatively cheap and easy to maintain
-looks natural and blends in with existing beach
-increases tourist potential by creating a bigger beach
DISADVANTAGES-
-needs constant maintenance because of the natural processes of erosion and longshore drift

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16
Q

What is dune regeneration?

A

Marram grass can be planted to stabilise dunes.

Areas can be fenced to keep people off newly planted dunes

17
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of dune regeneration

A 
ADVANTAGES-
-maintains natural coastal environment
-provides important wildlife habitats 
-relatively cheap and sustainable 
DISADVANTAGES-
-time consuming to plant marram grass 
-people may respond negatively to being kept off certain areas
18
Q

What is managed retreat?

A

Allowing the coastline to retreat in a managed way eg. creating salt marsh environments by deliberately breaching flood banks that protect low lying farmland

19
Q

Advantages of managed retreat

A
  • sand dunes act as a good barrier against coastal flooding and erosion
  • can be exploited as a natural defence against the sea
  • creating salt marshes increases biodiversity
20
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of doing nothing to prevent further erosion

A

ADVANTAGES-
-saves money if the land is worth less than the defence would cost
DISADVANTAGES-
-eventually the cliffs may be eroded so far that high value land becomes at risk- so sea defences will have to be constructed eventually

21
Q

What are sea walls?

A

Stone or concrete walls at the foot of a cliff or top of a beach
Usually have a curved face to reflect waves back into the sea

22
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of sea walls

A

ADVANTAGES-
-effective prevention of erosion
-often have promenade for people to walk along
DISADVANTAGES-
-reflect wave energy rather than absorbing it
-can be intrusive and unnatural looking
-very expensive to build and maintain

23
Q

What are groynes?

A

Timber/rock structures built at right angles to the coast

Trap sediment being moved along the coast by longshore drift-building up the beach

24
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of groynes

A

ADVANTAGES-
-work with natural processes to build up beach- increases tourist potential
-relatively inexpensive
DISADVANTAGES-
-starve beaches further along the coast of sediment
-unnatural and can be unattractive

25
Q

What are gabions?

A

Consist of metal cages containing rock.

Usually constructed at the base of a cliff to absorb wave energy and reduce erosion

26
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of gabions

A 
ADVANTAGES-
-relatively cheap to construct 
DISADVANTAGES-
-not very attractive 
-not particularly effective (compared to for instance sea walls)
27
Q

What are revetments?

A

Sloping wooden, concrete or rock structures places at the foot of a cliff or the top of a beach.
They break up the waves energy

28
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of revetments

A 
ADVANTAGES-
-relatively inexpensive to build 
DISADVANTAGES-
-intrusive and unnatural looking 
-need high levels of maintenance
29
Q

What are barrages?

A
  • sometimes constructed in bays and estuaries
  • partially submerged structures that contain gates that control the tidal flows of the sea and river water from the land
  • help provide a more consistent water level
30
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of barrages

A

ADVANTAGES-
-can also be used to generate hydro-electricity
DISADVANTAGES-
-have an impact on the environment (obstructs flow of sewage)
-takes a long time to construct
-very expensive to construct

31
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of offshore reefs

A

ADVANTAGES-
-provides a new habitat
-less intrusive and less of an impact on LSD
-breakwaters create favourable waves for surfers
-creates extra beach
-improves biodiversity
DISADVANTAGES-
-causes side deposits of mud and seaweed
-captures litter from ships
-currents around the edge of breakwaters dangerous for swimmers

32
Q

Shoreline management plans (SMP) aims

A
  • assess risk associated with coastal erosion
  • address risk in sustainable way
  • ensure management plans comply with nature conservation
  • provide policy for coastal management
  • assess risks to developed and natural environment
  • documents constantly renewed
  • promote long term management policies into 22nd century
33
Q

What coastal management is in place at Slapton Sands

A
  • beach at Torcross artificially strengthened by sea wall and rock armour installed
  • Slapton Ley designated sight of special scientific interest (SSSI)
  • barrier beach at Slapton has A379 running along it- which requires protection to ensure local people can travel
34
Q

What challenges have coastal managers faced in Slapton?

A
  • in 2001 a large storm destroyed 250m of road across barrier beach
  • a grant of £245,000 was all managers had to fix it
  • 2014 storm destroyed many defences in Torcross, Hallsands and Beesands- £95,000 received as part of gov. Emergency Flood Recovery Fund
  • however Hallsands is an area of no intervention so funding could not be spent repairing there- residents raised £20,000
35
Q

What factors does the Shoreline Management Plan for South Devon and Dorset Coastal Authorities consider?

A
  • no. of households at risk
  • impact on agricultural land and farming communities
  • impact in the environment and wildlife
  • whether erosion affects local community infrastructure and transport
36
Q

Location of Odisha (coastal risk vs reward)

A
  • state on east coast of India
  • borders the Bay of Bengal
  • India’s 9th largest state by area and 11th by pop.
  • coastline features Chilika Lake and Mahanadi Delta
37
Q

Unique ecology of Odisha

A
  • Chilika Lake is a salty lagoon renowned for bird life
  • has 1435km2 of Mangrove forest
  • lake acts as temporary store in water cycle and beach is an important store in whole coastal system
38
Q

Opportunities of living in Odisha

A
  • huge potential for offshore wind, tidal and wave power
  • 35% of coastline contains minerals and heavy metal deposits- economic potentials
  • opportunities for offshore oil and gas
  • many local people employed in coastal fishing- coastal ports provide a source of income
  • cultural sites draw in visitors from around the world (leads to growth of tourism industry- income for locals)
39
Q

Risks of living in Odisha

A
  • coastal communities vulnerable to storm surges and tsunamis
  • only 14% of coastline is classes as stable- long term development is therefore risky
  • it is hard to predict whether existing defences will have a negative effect more than positive

A Level Physical Geography (26 decks)

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