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Physical Geography > Hazards - Case Studies > Flashcards

Hazards - Case Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

Example of a volcanic hazard in a HIC

A

Mt. St. Helens

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2
Q

Economic impacts of the eruption of Mt. St. Helens

A
  • $1.1 billion in damage
  • Airport was closed
  • Timber industry affected by the destruction of forests
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3
Q

Social impacts of the eruption of Mt. St. Helens

A
  • 57 people killed
  • Unemployment rates rapidly increased
  • Hundreds of homes lost
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4
Q

Environmental impacts of the eruption of Mt. St Helens

A
  • Large lose of wildlife
  • Water quality reduced
  • 240 square km of forest destroyed
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5
Q

Responses to the eruption of Mt. St. Helens

A
  • Face masks distributed to protect people from volcanic ash
  • Ash clean-up schemes created
  • Emergency shelters set up for the homeless
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6
Q

Describe the location of Mt. St Helens and the nature of the eruption.

A
  • USA, Washington
  • Located on a destructive plate margin
  • In March 1980, small eruptions and large bulge appeared on the side of the volcano
  • Magnitude 5.1 eruption in May 1980
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7
Q

Example of a volcanic hazard in a LIC

A

Soufrière Hills, Montserrat

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8
Q

Economic impacts of the Soufrière Hills eruption

A
  • $1 billion in damage
  • Airport destroyed
  • Temporary decrease in tourism
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9
Q

Example of a wildfire

A

Alberta wildfire, Canada

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10
Q

What caused the Alberta wildfire

A

Precise cause is unknown but suggested a contribution of:

  • Lack of winter snowfall
  • Warmer than average temperatures
  • Very low humidity
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11
Q

Environmental impacts of the Alberta wildfire

A
  • Released tonnes of C02
  • Ash washed into water, contaminating aquatic life
  • Scorched soil and burnt tree roots
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12
Q

Social impacts of the Alberta wildfire

A
  • 90,000 evacuated
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13
Q

Political impacts of the Alberta wildfire

A
  • Fuelled political debate about climate change

- Reconstruction programs for buildings and infrastructure

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14
Q

Give some short-term responses to the Alberta Wildfire

A
  • Evacuation of 90,000 residents
  • Support from the Canadian Air Force
  • Monitoring of the newly ignited fire + fire warnings
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15
Q

Give some long-term responses to the Alberta wildfire

A
  • The Alberta Government covered living expenses; $1250 per adult
  • Clearing up and rebuilding
  • 2016 ‘Fire Aid’ convert raised money for those affected
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16
Q

Give an example of a multi-hazard environment and the hazards they experience

A

Philippines; earthquakes, volcanic activity, tropical storms

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17
Q

Explain the volcanic activity of the Philippines

A
  • 23 active volcanoes

- Can lead to lahars + volcanic ash mixed with rainfall produces mudflows

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18
Q

Give some background information about the Philippines

A
  • Group of islands in south-east Asia
  • Population of 100 million
  • Lies on the Pacific Ring of Fire
19
Q

Give an example of a volcanic eruption in the Philippines

A

Mt. Pinatubo, 1991

  • 2nd largest eruption of the 20th century
  • Ash + gas released had a global impact lasting two years; reducing temperatures by 5 degrees
20
Q

Explain the seismic activity of the Philippines

A
  • 17 between 2000 and 2013

- Leads to tsunamis, fires and landslides

21
Q

Economic impacts of the Alberta wildfire

A
  • $9 billion in damage
  • Transport severely affected, including international airport
  • Production in oil sands was halted
22
Q

Give an example of an earthquake in the Philippines

A

Bohol, 2013

  • 7.2 magnitude
  • 800 injured, 200 died
  • 79,000 buildings destroyed
23
Q

Explain the storm activity of the Philippines

A
  • Accounts for the highest number of deaths
  • Around 10 tropical storms a year
  • Risk of flooding and landslides
24
Q

Give an example of a tropical storm in the Philippines

A

Typhoon Haiyan, 2013

  • 7,000 died, 1.9 million homeless
  • 71,000 hectares of farmland destroyed
  • $5.8 billion in damage
25
Q

Why is the Philippines vulnerable to hazards?

A
  • Densely populated, low lying living areas with poor quality housing
  • Concentrations of economic activity
  • Deforestation has decreased interception leaving soil exposed
26
Q

How have the Philippines responded to these hazards?

A
  • Emphasis on post-disaster relief + forecasting and evacuation
  • Little land use planning
  • Philippine National Red Cross encourages co-operation between communities and local volunteers
  • Government reactive rather than proactive
27
Q

Example of oceanic to continental meeting:

A

Peru-Chile trench

Andes

28
Q

Example of oceanic to oceanic meeting:

A

Mariana Trench and Islands

29
Q

Example of continental to continental meeting:

A

Himalayas

30
Q

Example of a rift valley:

A

Great African Rift Valley

31
Q

Example of an ocean ridge:

A

Pacific Ocean Ridge

32
Q

Example of an active volcano:

A

Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland, April 2010
Eruption causes the surrounding ice to melt and flood the local town
Contaminated water sources
Farming ceased due to ash deposits

33
Q

Example of a fire prevention scheme

A

Smoky Bear, US

34
Q

Example of the negative effects of extinguishing wildfires

A

Alberta Wildfire
Frequent extinguishing has caused the forrest to become thick and deprived of light
Due to no fires eradicating diseases, the Mountain Pine Beetle has overtaken the forrest causing a lot of plant species to die

35
Q

Example of mudflows following a volcanic event

A

The Colombian Armero tragedy
Rising magma melted the summit glacier
Heavy rainfall and flood waters combined with ash sending a 30m lahar travelling at 80km/h
8m of mud coverage following morning

36
Q

Give an example of an seismic event in an LIC

A

Indian Ocean Tsunami, December 2004
Indonesia
9.0 magnitude earthquake
No warnings until after the tsunami hit

37
Q

What were the primary impacts of the 2004 Indonesian tsunami

A

300,000 dead
800m of vegetation and soil destroyed
Costal settlements destroyed

38
Q

What were the secondary impacts of the 2004 Indonesian tsunami

A

500,000 living in refugee camps
£226m in damage to the fishing industry
Water and soil supplies contaminated by saltwater

39
Q

Name some of the immediate responses from the 2004 Indonesian tsunami

A

160 organisations and the UN aided in joint relief efforts

Australian Air Force improved the air traffic control systems at local airports

40
Q

Name some of the long-term responses from the 2004 Indonesian tsunami

A

Large-scale reconstruction programs were implemented, but thousands were still living in tents one year on
Education on tsunami awareness
Practice drills and evaluation plans established
Costal zones hazard-mapped to identify areas at highest risk

41
Q

Name some of the long-term responses from the 2004 Indonesian tsunami that didn’t achieve the desired aim

A

Large-scale reconstruction programs were implemented, but thousands were still living in tents one year on
Political barriers slowed aid distribution
Tourists resorts were quickly rebuilt but costal communities were pushed out for new development

42
Q

Example of structural responses to a hazard

A

Sea wall, Corpus Christi, Texas

43
Q

Example of disaster aid

A

Medicine distributed, Pakistan

Physical Geography (16 decks)

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