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physical geography > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

Lithosphere

A

The solid top layer of crust in which plates are formed, consists of crust and upper mantle

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2
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Soft plastic like rock in the upper mantle just below the lithosphere

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3
Q

Core temp of earth

A

5000-7000 degrees c

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4
Q

Evidence of tectonic theory

A 
Jigsaw fit 
Glacial deposits
fossil evidence
geological fit
tectonic fit
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5
Q

thickness of continental crust

A

35 - 40 km

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6
Q

thickness of oceanic crust

A

7 - 10 km

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7
Q

slab pull

A

when the oceanic crust is pulled into the mantle - at subduction zones (so destructive plate margins)

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8
Q

ridge push

A

(constructive margins) where magma forces upwards, pushing plates apart

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9
Q

age of continental crust

A

2 billion

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10
Q

age of oceanic crust

A

no more than 200 million

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11
Q

types of destructive boundry

A

collision
oceanic/oceanic
oceanic/continental

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12
Q

density of continental crust

A

2.7g/cm3

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13
Q

example of a fault line

A

san andreas

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14
Q

density of oceanic crust

A

2.9g/cm3

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15
Q

potential cost of an earthquake along the san andreas fault

A

$33 billion

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16
Q

mineral content of continental

A

Si Al and oxygen

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17
Q

mineral content of oceanic

A

Si Mg and oxygen

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18
Q

what plate boundary do fault lines form

A

conservative

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19
Q

what plates are involved in the san andreas fault

A

pacific and north american

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20
Q

why are conservative boundaries the most deadly

A

little warning given and very powerful

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21
Q

landforms associated with constructive boundaries

A

mid ocean ridge

rift valleys

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22
Q

example of a rift valley

A

east african rift valley

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23
Q

landforms of an oceanic/continental destructive boundary

A

oceanic trench
composite volcanoes
earthquakes
fold mountains

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24
Q

features of oceanic/oceanic destructive boundary

A

earthquakes n tsunamis
ocean trenches
island arcs

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25
Q

which plate subducts in an oceanic/oceanic destructive boundary

A

the faster moving or marginally denser

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26
Q

example of collision fold mountains

A

himalayas

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27
Q

features of collision boundaries

A

powerful earthquakes

fold mountains

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28
Q

example of island arc

A

caribbean islands

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29
Q

example of oceanic/continental destructive boundary fold mountains

A

the andes in south america

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30
Q

types of volcano

A

composite

shield

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31
Q

Why is a continental/continental boundary a collision?

A

Bc they cannot subduct

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32
Q

Features of a composite volcano

A 
Narrow base
Steep sides
High
Viscous lava
Ash
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33
Q

Volcanic hazard types

A 
Lava flows
Gases
Lahars
Ash fallout
Pyroclastic flows
Acid rain
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34
Q

Features of a shield volcano

A

Wide base
Non viscous lava
Steam
Gentle slopes

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35
Q

Hazard

A

a natural event which does (or have the potential to) cause people harm

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36
Q

Lava flows

A

A mass of flowing or solidified lava

least hazardous

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37
Q

Gases emitted in a volcanic eruption

A

sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide are the main ones

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38
Q

Lahars

A

kinda like mudflows, a mix of water and ash that flows like a river and sets like concrete

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39
Q

Ash fallout

A

Rain of airborne ash from an eruption

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40
Q

Pyroclastic flows

A

Flows at high speeds consisting of ash and lava

Most deadly

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41
Q

Acid rain

A

Gases released from eruption mix with atmospheric water

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42
Q

hazard risk

A

the probability that a natural hazard may take place

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43
Q

Monitoring volcanoes

A

Gas emissions
Seismic activity
Geological observations

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44
Q

Gas emission monitoring volcanoes

A

Sulphur dioxide emitted before eruption it’s easily detectable

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45
Q

Seismic monitoring volcanoes

A

Seismographs put activity on Richter scale

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46
Q

Geological monitoring volcanoes

A

Tilt meter measures changes in slope

EDM measures horizontal movement

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47
Q

geophisical hazard

A

driven by the earth’s own internal energy forces

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48
Q

atmospheric hazard

A

driven by processes at work in the atmosphere

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49
Q

hydrological hazard

A

driven by water bodies, mainly the oceans

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50
Q

hazard perception

A

the way we see and react to hazards, it’s determined by economic and cultural factors

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51
Q

fatalist response

A

the losses are accepted as inevitable as there is little we can do to control the hazard - may be due to lack of alternatives (economic)

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52
Q

prediction response

A

as technology increases, the methods of predicting hazards are better

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53
Q

adaptation and adjustment response

A

natural events are inevitable so by adjusting our lives, the losses can be reduced
This is a realistic n cost effective response for governments

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54
Q

frequency

A

how often the hazard occurs

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55
Q

magnitude

A

how strong the hazard is

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56
Q

relief phase

A

immediate

search and rescue

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57
Q

what does the park model show

A

the country can improve after an event

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58
Q

rehabilitation phase

A

weeks or months
infrastructure restores
temporary structures
to allow the reconstruction phase to begin as quickly as possible

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59
Q

reconstruction phase

A

restoring to the same or better quality of life as before the event

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60
Q

spell the volcanic case study

A

Eyjafjallajokull

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61
Q

plates involved in icelandic eruption

A

american plate moved west while eurasian plate moved east at a rate of 2.5cm/year

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62
Q

plate boundary of icelandic volcano

A

constructive

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63
Q

when was the icelandic eruption

A

april 2010

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64
Q

rating of icelandic eruption on the vei

A

4

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65
Q

how thick was the ice cap that melted due to the icelandic eruption

A

150m thick causing widespread flooding

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66
Q

how many tonnes of co2 was emitted per day into the atmosphere by the icelandic volcano

A

30 000 tonnes

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67
Q

how much money did airlines and associated businesses lose due to the icelandic eruption

A

£130 million per day

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68
Q

what percentage of kenya’s economy was discarded due to the icelandic eruption

A

20% (based on the export of cut flowers and green veg)

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69
Q

how much did shares in air travel and tourism agencies drop by due to the icelandic volcano

A

4%

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70
Q

how much money did london’s tourism lose due to the icelandic volcano

A

£120 million

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71
Q

how many farms were destroyed due to the icelandic volcano

A

20

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72
Q

how many people were evacuated due to the icelandic eruption

A

800

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73
Q

what was distributed to prevent people choking on ash in the icelandic eruption

A

face masks

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74
Q

name two short term responses to the icelandic volcano

A

immediate grounding of air traffic and cut off parts of roads and bridges to prevent further damage from lahars and lava flows

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75
Q

how much did the EU spend in researching the dangers of flying in ash following the icelandic eruption

A

€6 million

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76
Q

what did the french red cross do to help after the icelandic eruption

A

set up two emergency shelters to help 400 people

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77
Q

what did the netherlands red cross do after the icelandic eruption

A

gave 1500 beds for stranded people

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78
Q

why did we study the icelandic volcano

A

it is hemispheric in scale

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79
Q

what earthquake did i study

A

nepal

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80
Q

why did i study the nepal earthquake

A

the magnitude and poor country

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81
Q

what number on the richter scale was the nepal earthquake

A

7.9

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82
Q

where was the epicentre of the nepal earthquake

A

between the capital of kathmandu and the city of pokhara

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83
Q

what is the gdp of nepal

A

$2465/year

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84
Q

which plates were involved in the nepal earthquake

A

eurasian plate moving towards the indo-australian plate

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85
Q

how rich is nepal

A

157/185

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86
Q

what tropical storm did i study for a mic

A

hurricane sandy

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87
Q

where did hurricane sandy begin

A

western caribbean on 22nd october 2012

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88
Q

where did hurricane sandy move to after developing in western caribbean

A

travelled north hitting haiti and cuba before hitting the east coast of america

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89
Q

why did i study hurricane sandy

A

unusual location - too far north

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90
Q

name some factors that influence people’s perception of a hazard

A 
Socio-Economic status
Personality
Religion / ethnic background
Level of Education 
Past experience 
Occupation
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91
Q

3 main ways to perceive a hazard

A

Fear- feel vulnerable
Adaptation- prepare- prevent and protect
Fatalism- part of the area- God’s will

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92
Q

two internal energy sources

A

Primordial Heat

Radiogenic Heat

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93
Q

primordial heat

A

Heat left over from Earth’s formation

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94
Q

radiogenic heat

A

Heat produced by the decay of isotopes like Uranium 238

By far the greatest source, but slowly diminishing

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95
Q

Explain Alfred Wagner’s theory (1912)

A

Continental Drift- 300 million years ago Pangea existed

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96
Q

Formation of shield volcanoes

A

Plates move apart
Magma rises to surface, cools = new crust
Sea floor spreading
Layers built by eruptions

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97
Q

shield volcano boundary

A

constructive

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98
Q

shield volcano example

A

Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland

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99
Q

formation of composite volcano

A 
Plates move towards eachother 
Oceanic, denser, subducts 
Beinoff Zone
Less dense molten material rises
Layers of ash and lava build
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100
Q

composite volcano boundary

A

destructive

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101
Q

composite volcano example

A

Mount Etna, Italy

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102
Q

volcanoes in rift valleys formation

A

Brittle crust fractures
Areas drop down between parallel faults
Thin crust- forms magma
Magma forces its’ way to the surface

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103
Q

volcanos in hotspots formation

A

Concentration of radioactive elements below crust
Plume of magma rises
Breaks through surface

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104
Q

vei

A 
volcanic explosivity index
Logarithmic scale (0-8) measuring magnitude of eruption by height of eruption column and volume of tephra erupted
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105
Q

disadvantages of the vei

A

Doesn’t consider climate impact

Ash, lava and lava bombs all treated alike

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106
Q

location of icelandic volcano

A

Southern Iceland, beneath an ice cap

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107
Q

icelandic volcano how high was the ash plume

A

11km

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108
Q

where was the dominant lava flow of the icelandic volcano

A

to the west

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109
Q

why wash the ash from the icelandic volcano distributed at a high velocity

A

due to the jetstreams above iceland

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110
Q

seismicity

A

Earth shaking, which can be human induced through fracking, mining and reservoir construction

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111
Q

p waves

A

Fast moving, first to reach the surface
Travel through solids and liquids (crust, mantle, core)
High frequency
Like a ‘push’ from one end

112
Q

s waves

A

Second waves to reach the surface
Travel through liquids (mantle)
Sideways movement, shaking earth at 90° to direction of travel
Do more damage than P waves

113
Q

love waves

A

Slowest moving

Do most damage because of sideways movement

114
Q

rayleigh waves

A

Radiate from epicentre in complicated, low frequency rolling motions

115
Q

landslide

A

movement of rock, debris, or earth down a slope

116
Q

landslide formation

A

ground shaking due to earthquake detablishes cliffs and steep slopes causes landslides and rockfalls
also caused by heavy rainfall

117
Q

what factors make landslides worse

A

Steep gradient
High relief rainfall (saturates ground = unstable)
Shallow soil
Unstable rock

118
Q

liquefaction

A

jelly like state of silts and clays resulting from intense ground shaking

119
Q

liquefaction formation

A

Sand or soil mixes with ground water
Becomes very soft, causing subsidence and building collapse
acts like quicksand

120
Q

what factors make liquefaction worse?

A

High ground water
Reclaimed soil
Sandy soil (loosely packed grain = more pore spaces to fill with water)

121
Q

how far away from the capital of nepal was the earthquake

A

80km northwest

122
Q

how long did the nepal earthquake last for

A

2 mins

123
Q

what did the nepal earthquake measure on the richter scale

A

7.8 - 7.9

124
Q

when was the nepal earthquake

A

25th april 2015

125
Q

which plate was subducting under the eurasian plate in the nepal earthquake

A

indian

126
Q

what’s the annual movement of the eurasian plate and indian plate (nepal earthquake case study)

A

45mm north-northeast

127
Q

what has the plate movement between the eurasian and indian created (nepal case study)

A

the himalayas

128
Q

why did the buildings in nepal collapse reasily

A

due to lack of suitable foundations and poor construction

129
Q

name an ancient monument that collapsed in nepal

A

dharahara tower

130
Q

how many dies roughly in nepal

A

8 000

131
Q

how many people were killed at a base camp after the nepal earthquake triggered an avalanche

A

18 climbers and sherpas

132
Q

where were communication lines and roads destroyed in nepal making the area totally isolated

A

ghorka region

133
Q

how many were made homeless from the nepal earthquake

A

2.8 million

134
Q

how many were injured in nepal

A

14 500

135
Q

how many years has nepal been put back

A

100 years

136
Q

what were there outbreaks of in nepal

A

cholera

137
Q

how many children were deprived on a normal childhood in nepal

A

1.1 million

138
Q

tropical storm

A

a violent rotaing storm which occurs in the mid lataitudes

139
Q

tropical storm formation

A

Strong upward air movement draws water vapour from ocean surface
Air rises and cools- condensing= clouds
Condensing air releases energy, powering storm to draw up more water
Thunderstorms combine to form a giant storm
Eye develops
Storm gathers strength and energy from warm ocean

140
Q

why does a storm develop an eye

A

as air rapidly descends in the centre

141
Q

where are the strongest storm winds found

A

in the eye wall

142
Q

what happens when a storm reaches land

A

energy cut off

friction slows in down

143
Q

why do storms need oceans

A

stroms derive their moisture and energy from em

144
Q

why do storms need high temps

A

the sea surface temp needs to exceed 27 degrees c

145
Q

why can storms be formed at lower latitudes in the summer

A

bc it’s hotter meaning sea surface temp increases

146
Q

why does there need to be atmospheric instability for a storm to form

A

as this is where storms are more likely to form as warm air is forced to rise

147
Q

Why’s the rotation of the earth important? (Coriolis Effect)

A

A certain amount of ‘spin’ is needed to initiate the rotation of a storm

148
Q

Why does there need to be a uniform wind direction at all levels for a storm to form

A

As different wind directions at different altitudes prevents the storm from attaining height and intensity

149
Q

4 Hazards associated with storms

A

High winds (250km/h)
Storm surge
Coastal / River flooding
Landslides

150
Q

Effects of high winds

A

Tear off roofs
Break windows
Damage communication networks (power cuts and fires)
Debris picked up by high winds- block roads, injure people, transport disruption

151
Q

What causes storm surge?

A

Intense low atmospheric pressure and powerful surface winds- creating high waves

152
Q

Effects of storm surge

A 
Floods in low lying areas
Death
Freshwater pollution 
Destroys homes and infrastructure 
Agricultural land inundated with water- useless
153
Q

When did Sandy begin as a tropical depression?

A

22nd oct

154
Q

what path did sandy take

A

Northwards- Haiti and Cuba

Moved along the East Coast of America before turning west to strike New York

155
Q

factors that caused sandy

A

low wind shear and warmer than usual waters

156
Q

When did Sandy develop an eye and become upgraded to hurricane status?

A

24th oct

157
Q

why did sandy turn west at the end

A

high pressure in greenland and jetstream

158
Q

why was there significantly more chance of a storm surge from sandy

A

due to full moon in the area at the time

159
Q

where did sandy begin

A

south of kingston, jamaica

160
Q

how many dies in the usa bc of sandy

A

11

161
Q

how many died in new york bc of sandy

A

41 1 woman from faling debris

162
Q

which city’s famous broadwalk was shattered from sandy

A

atlantic city

163
Q

what happened at one of the construction sites in nyc bc of sandy

A

a crane collapsed

164
Q

which transport system was flooded bc of sandy

A

subway

165
Q

how many gallons of diesel leaked bc of sandy

A

336 000 gallons

166
Q

commuters in usa bc of sandy

A

stranded

167
Q

hurricane sandy how many people were without power in the east coast of the usa

A

8.1 million

168
Q

what was the diameter of typhoon haiyan

A

425km

169
Q

what were the two natural causes of typhoon haiyan

A

low wind shear

warm pacific ocean

170
Q

how did human interference make the formation of typhoon haiyan worse

A

Towns and cities on coastlines- high populations

Global warming- sea levels have risen by 20cm a year since 1990, and increased sea surface temperature

171
Q

when was typhoon haiyan declared a typhoon

A

5th november 2013

172
Q

typhoon haiyan is the … most intense tropical cyclone on record

A

4th

173
Q

how many people died from typhoon haiyan

A

10 000

174
Q

how many people were affected from typhoon haiyan

A

14 million

175
Q

how many people were made homeless from typhoon haiyan

A

1.9 million

176
Q

the day after typhoon haiyan

A

the philippines was declared to be in a state of national calamity and asked for international help

177
Q

environmental effects from typhoon haiyan

A

oil and sewage leak into local ecosystems

178
Q

what percentage of tacloban city government workers came into work

A

2.8%

179
Q

how many homes were destroyed by typhoon haiyan

A

550 000

180
Q

how many tons of rice were lost from typhoon haiyan

A

131 611

181
Q

how much of the philippines agricultural exports do coconuts account for

A

50%

182
Q

what happened to the coconut farms in the typhoon haiyan

A

they were completely flattened

183
Q

why were there high levels of pollution in the following weeks of typhoon haiyan

A

because of poor sanitation

184
Q

how many tons of sugar does the sugar regulatory administration reckon were lost from typhoon haiyan

A

50 000 - 120 000

185
Q

why were fishing communities badly affected by typhoon haiyan

A

the storm destroyed all boats and fishing equipment

186
Q

whats the 2 year wildfire project called that’s been launched in europe

A

IGNIS (2016)

187
Q

what’s IGNIS aiming to do

A

improve the fire and rescue response by bringing together knowledge and expertise

188
Q

example of a group involved in IGNIS

A

Northumberland Fire and Rescue Service

189
Q

wildfire

A

any rural fire that’s uncontrolled and spreasing

190
Q

three aspects of the fire triangle

A

oxygen heat and fuel

191
Q

natural causes of wildfire

A

lightning and lava

192
Q

human causes of wildire

A 
falling power lines
campfires
fireworks
arson
agricultural burning (controlled fires)
193
Q

el Nino effect

A

climate change in the pacific ocean where warm water in the western pacific ocean moves eastwards along the equator to south america

194
Q

why does the el nino effect cause more inense burning

A

as it’s drier and hotter

195
Q

why does drought favour more intense wildfires

A

low levels of retained water in plants - so burns more quickly

196
Q

ladder fuel

A

live or dead vegetation allowing a fire to climb from the forest floor to the tree canopy, meaning the fire is more influenced by winds

197
Q

two countries techniques on educating (preparedness for wildfires)

A

america - smokey bear and australia - tv adverts

198
Q

what are computer simulations used to do for wildfires

A

model the fire’s track

199
Q

two ways of spotting wildfires

A

aircraft survey large areas

satellites provide low resolution images

200
Q

what do australia have on weather forecasts

A

fire danger ratings

201
Q

two ways to prevent a wildfire

A

manage vegetation

manage built environment

202
Q

where did the alberta wildfire start

A

a remote forested area to the south west of fort mcmurray

203
Q

when did the alberta wildfire start

A

1st may 2016

204
Q

when did the alberta wildfire meet the community of fort mcmurray

A

3rd may 2016

205
Q

three reasons why the ground was dry in alberta wildfire

A

lack of winter snowfall
early snowmelt
warmer than average temperatures

206
Q

two reasons why the vegetation in alberta was dry

A

april temperatures were high

low humidity

207
Q

cause of alberta wildfire

A

idk probs human

208
Q

why did the alberta wildfire become out of control

A

due to a shift in the wind direction - resulting in the blaze turning northwards towards for mcmurray

209
Q

what caused fires to ignite in front of the main alberta wildfire, even jumping a 1km river

A

spotting (when the wind carries burning embers)

210
Q

how many people were killed in the alberta wildfire

A

0 none

211
Q

what percentage of homes in fort mcmurray were destroyed

A

15%

212
Q

how many people were forced to flee from the alberta wildfire

A

90 000

213
Q

how many of the 25 000 oil workers were evacuated bc of the alberta wildfire

A

1/3

214
Q

what were homes left without bc of the alberta wildfire

A

basic services - electricity and water

215
Q

why did mains water have to be boiled (secondary effect of the alberta wildfire)

A

as untreated water was allowed into pipes so firefighters could put out the fires

216
Q

where were thousands of workers left unemployed and unpaid bc of the alberta wildfires

A

at oil sands

217
Q

transport links were affected in the alberta wildfire including…

A

the nearby airport

218
Q

alberta wildfire: how many major oil companies suspended operations plus give an example

A

9

e.g. Suncor

219
Q

how many barrels of oil were lost per day in alberta

A

1.2 million for 14 days

220
Q

give one reason for canada’s poor economic outlook in 2016

A

lost oil royalties

221
Q

alberta wildfire secondary effects: why did world oil prices rise briefly? and when did they stabilise?

A

as the fire could have hit the heart of the oil patch

stabilised after the fire missed the heart of the oil patch

222
Q

how much will rebuilding add to albertas economy

A

$1.3 billion in real GDP

223
Q

why does the philippines location make it vulnerable to so many natural disasters

A

it lies on the rim of the pacific belt making it prone to typhoons, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions

224
Q

hazards in the philippines

A 
Drought	
Seismic Activity 
Epidemic	
Flood
Insect Infestation 
Storms
Volcanoes	
Wildfires
225
Q

how much of the land in the philippines is exposed to hazards

A

60%

226
Q

how much of the philippines population is exposed to hazards

A

74% of the population

227
Q

which project involves establishing hazard maps in 27 provinces (the philippines)

A

READY funded by AusAID

228
Q

how are philippines local authorities trying to improve building quality

A

by enforcing building codes

229
Q

what does the national disaster coordinating council do in the philippines

A

Utilises Calamity Fund
Advises the President
Ensures all agencies follow the same plan
Recommends when an area should be declared a state of national calamity
Engages public through activities, workshops and consultations

230
Q

how is the department of education trying to increase awareness in the philippines

A

by covering topics like disaster preparedness in the curriculum

231
Q

what percentage of each local governments’ income has to be put aside for the calamity fund in the philippines

A

5%

232
Q

where is caracas

A

venezuela

233
Q

name the hazards caracas is prone to

A

Seismic
Landslides
Storms
Floods

234
Q

why hasn’t the government implemented the building codes it was advised to in caracas

A

can’t afford to

couldn’t be done where the illegally constructed shanty towns are

235
Q

what has the government in caracas been told to do when it comes to disaster response

A

Include government officials, the military, non-government organisations and the public
Future response could be more coordinated
More effective than current methods

236
Q

what should the residents in squatter settlements in caracas be educated in

A

using safer building techniques

237
Q

where should open spaces be introduced in caracas

A

between buildings as they provide important gathering and distribution areas during a disaster

238
Q

stages of the hazard management cycle

A

response
recovery
prevention
preparation

239
Q

how many hygiene kits did christian aid distribute to 50 000 people after the earthquake in nepal

A

10 000

240
Q

islamic relief gave food for how many people after the earthquake in nepal

A

2500

241
Q

how much money did the asian development bank pledge to nepal after the earthquake

A

$200 million for rehabilitation

242
Q

saffir-simpson scale

A

used to measure tropical storms
1 to 5
4 and 5 are v bad

243
Q

1 on saffir simpson scale

A

very dangerou winds will produce some damage

244
Q

2 on saffir simpson scale

A

extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage

245
Q

3 on saffir simpson scale

A

devestating dmage will occur

246
Q

4 on saffir simpson scale

A

catastrophic damage will occur

247
Q

5 on saffir simpson scale

A

the worst

248
Q

response to hurricane sandy in cuba

A

response was unprepared as hadn’t seen a storm for 60 years

249
Q

response to hurricane sandy in hati

A

red cross ineffective at delivering to cut off areas

Medicines Sans Frontiers opened a cholera treatment centre

250
Q

how many us airports were shut immediately bc of hurricane sandy

A

3

251
Q

size of storm surge in cuba bc of hurricane sandy

A

9m

252
Q

bad thing about the response in america from hurricane sandy

A

red cross too focused on publicity

253
Q

why was a grant of $822 million given to america

A

hazards mitigation grant following hurricane sandy

254
Q

how many children were vaccinated from measles in the philippines after typhoon haiyan

A

108 000

255
Q

the response in the philippines after typhoon haiyan

A

more focused on long term responses e.g. save the children educating children about good hygiene

256
Q

how much was budgeted in alberta for wildfire prevention and management

A

$139 million

257
Q

how many volunteers did the alberta volunteer firefighters have

A

450

258
Q

the park model

A

considers how the standard of living and economic status of affected areas change after a hazard

259
Q

adaptation to a hazard

A

reducing the impacts by doing things to address effects of a hazard (dealing with the impacts)

260
Q

mitigation of a hazard

A

things done to reduce the change of an event happening (dealing with the cause)

261
Q

convection currents

A

the currents in the mantle that moves the plates

262
Q

earthquake

A

a sudden release of pressure built up from plate movement

263
Q

rift valleys

A

the heating and updoming of the crust leads to fracturing and rifting, as the sides of the rift move apart, central sections drop down to form rift valleys

264
Q

tephra

A

<2mm is ash
2-64mm is lapilli
>64mm is bombs

265
Q

lapilli

A

sand and pebbles ejected from a volcanic eruption

266
Q

plinian eruptions

A

the worst

highly explosive, large eruption columns (up to 45km), range of tephra and pyroclastic flows including lava flows

267
Q

icelandic eruptions

A

the safest

low viscosity, highly effusive, may have water so phreatic

268
Q

magma viscosity

A

how runny the lava is

269
Q

basaltic lava

A

very runny
shield volcanoes
found in iceland and hawaii

270
Q

rhyolitic lava

A

viscous lava

271
Q

seismic waves

A

s waves, love waves, p waves, rayleigh waves

272
Q

seismograph

A

measures motion of the ground cause by an earthquae puts it on the richter scale

273
Q

richter scale

A

quantitative
seisometer
logarithmic (10x bigger each step)

274
Q

MMI - mercalli scale

A

observations

qualitative

275
Q

smokey bear

A

in america, an advertisement to education children abrout wildfires

physical geography (3 decks)

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