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Physical geography > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three nature of hazards

A

Geophysical, hydrological, atomspherical

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1
Q

What is risk

A

chance or probability of being affected by a natural event

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2
Q

what is vulnerability

A

potential for loss due to exposure to physical hazards

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3
Q

what is resilience

A

ability to prevent short term hazards from turning into a long term issue

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4
Q

what is a hazard

A

threat that has potential to cause injury or loss of life resulting in economic and environmental issues

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5
Q

what is hydrological nature of hazards

A

caused by occurrence movement and distribution of water and surface e.g flooding hail and droughts

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6
Q

what is geophysical

A

tectonic e.g earthquakes volcanic eruption’s tsunamis rockfall

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7
Q

what is atmospherical

A

processes operating in our atmosphere resulting in extreme weather e.g blizzards tournados sand storms bush fires

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8
Q

What are the three perception of hazards

A

Fatalism, Adaptation, Domination

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9
Q

what is fatalism

A

fatalistic tendencies. People seeing hazards as natural and part of life and acts from god ( religious ) events are random and we have to respond to them and loss of life and injury is expected

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10
Q

what is domination

A

perception of hazard that believes in science and that they are predicable and magnitude can be predicted. And we can control them through engendering and technology

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11
Q

What is adaptation

A

mixture of both 2 belief that hazards will happen and are influenced by human activity. Magnitude + frequency can be estimated based on past events

Pic populations are fatalistic due to lack of education

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12
Q

Factors affecting perceptions

A

socioeconomic status
education
employment
religion cultural ethinic background
family
past experiences
values and expectations

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13
Q

what does parks model show

A

the impacts on quality of life and how quickly it recovers

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14
Q

What is the hazard risk management cycle

A

pre disaster post disaster and response

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15
Q

what’s in pre disaster of the hazard management cycle

A

risk assessment mitigation

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16
Q

what’s in response of the hazard management cycle

A

warning evacuation saving people assessing damnage providing emergency services

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17
Q

what’s in post disaster of the hazard management scheme

A

reconstruction mitigation economic recovery infulstruture rebuilt assistance

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18
Q

what is:

frequency?

Magnitude?

Distribution?

A

Frequency= amount of times a hazard occurs in an area

Magnitude= strength of event

Distribution= where the hazard takes place, special coverage of hazard and its geographic location

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19
Q

Features of continental crust

A

lower density (lighter)
30-50km deep (thicker)
Over 1500 million years old (older)

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20
Q

features of oceanic crust

A

High density (heavier)
6-8km (thinner)
less than 200 million years old (younger)

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21
Q

what happens at a constructive plate boundary

A
  • plates are moving away
  • new crust created
  • basaltic rocks
  • shield volcanos (icelcand)
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22
Q

what happens at destructive plate boundaries

A
  • plates move towards eachother
  • oceanic crust destroyed
  • island arcs
  • earthquakes
23
Q

what happens at conservative plate boundaries?

A

plates move sideways along eachother and rub causing earthquakes

24
how are fold mountains formed?
continental vs continental collide not dense enough to subduct crust folds and pushes up
25
how are volcanos formed
destructive plate boundary oceanic vs continental collide oceanic more dense so subducts less dense continental plate driven down to athstenesphere plate melts due to heat and friction maga rises up to surface and cools
26
how is a deep ocean trench formed
destructive plate boundary oceanic vs continental more dense oceanic plate subducts under continental plate pulling front of less dense plate down creating a trench
27
how is a mid ocean ridge formed
constructive boundary 2 oceanic plates pull apart moving away from eachother allowing magma to rise magma reaches ocean turns into lava and cools
28
how is an island arc formed
destructive plate boundary oceanic plate vs oceanic plate one is lighter than the other so is sub-ducted under and melting it rising it as the plates move this happens repeatedly forming island arcs beneath the water
29
how are rift valleys formed
conservative boundary 2 continental plates pull apart moving away stretching out the crust until it breaks as it stretches wider the valley drops deeper leading to a new body of water at the bottom of it
30
how is a hotspot formed
when a tectonic plate moves over an unsually hot part of the earths mantle it causes magma to rise it’s a stationary plume of hot magma that rises from deep within the earth’s mantle and creates volcanos on surface
31
evidence for tectonics
seafood spreading geological evidence biological evidence alfred wergner plateomagnatism convection currents ridge push slab pull
32
what is sea floor spreading
if it spreads is implied the earths getting bigger
33
what is geological evidence
jigsaw fit of south america and west africa glacial deposits in south america india and antarctica structural faults in brazil and west africa similar rock sequences in canada and scotland
34
alfred werner belief
earth used to be all the same super continent called pangea which broke 200 million years ago
35
what is plateomagnatism
polarity of ancient magnetic partials in rocks that found the same patterns and rhat crust is moving away from plate boundaries
36
what are convection currents
heat driven cycles that occur in the earths mantle and cause of movement of tectonic plates
37
what are the 3 states of volcanoes
active, dormant , extinct
38
features of a composite volcano
destructive boundaries taller viscus (thick) narrow base due to slow moving lava steep sides acidic due to gas bubbles explosive eruptions made up of layers of ash and lava andesetic lava
39
features of a shield volcano
constructive boundaries gentle eruptions less viscus (runny) lava escapes through vents meaning lots reaches surface can cover long distances large base shallow sides basaltic lava
40
features of andesetic lava
viscus cooler (800 degrees) high silica content flows short distances large base and cools looses gas’s quickly so more viscus steep sided les frequent eruptions pyroclastic flows
41
features of basaltic lava
Hot (1200 degrees) less viscus (runny) low silica content flows take longer to cool gas content kept so more mobile gentle but more frequent eruptions
42
features of a pilinan eruption
magma has high silica content highly explosive lots of tephra high viscus magma with high gas content shoots 46km in air eruptions last for days pyroclastic flows
43
features of a hawaiian eruption
basaltic lava + their features not so explosive few pyroclastic flows rather than flowing lava fire fountains formed
44
features of strombolian eruption
not dangerous small quantities of magma high velocity high gas levels morbidly lava flows but normally excess ash can lead to eruptions
45
primary effects of volcano and what are they
tephra - rock fragments and partials ejected into air pyroclastic flows - fast moving hot volcanic hazard made up of ash gas and rock at 800 degrees lava flows - stream of molten rock that pours out of volcano volcanic gasses - carbon monoxide hydrogen surface and co2 emitted
46
secondary effects of a volcano and what are they
lahars - volcanic mudflow that’s a mixture of water mud and rock that flow quickly down slopes of volcano that’s hot and dense flooding - eruptions melt glaciers causing rising sea levels tsunami - ling high sea wave caused by under water eruptions and earthquakes and displacement of sea floor climate change - volcanic ash reflects sunlight cooling earth
47
what are longitudinal waves
vibrations are along same direction as direction of travel they are also primary
48
what are transverse waves
vibrations are at a right angle to direction of travel and are secondary
49
what’s the difference between primary and secondary waves
primary waves are seismic waves that travel straight through the earths solids and liquids they also are detected first they are longitudinal waves where vibrations are along the same direction of travel. Secondary waves are slower and are deflected second as they travel at half the speed of primary. Secondary waves are also transverse meaning that vibrations are at a right angle to direction. The shadow zone is caused by S waves as P waves travel though the center of core however S waves cannot and travel around the core causing a P wave shadow zone
50
advantages and disadvantages of the richter scale (measures magnitude of EQ)
advantages: easy to understand disadvantages: can’t give clear calculations to earthquakes not accurate over 8
51
Advantages and disadvantages of moment magnitude scale (based on total momentum release of EQ)
advantages: can describe very small earthquakes disadvantages: confusing between this and the richter scale
52
mericali scale advantages and disadvantages (based on damage of the EQ)
advantages: easy to under stand and no calculations required disadvantages: personal opinion
53
what is liquefaction
when a violently shaken soil with high water content loose their mechanical strength and start to behave like liquid
54
what is slab pull
a force that results from denser oceanic plates sinking beneath less dense continental plates along a destructive boundary and subduction zone
55
what is ridge push
a force that drives tectonic plates down at mid ocean ridges where newly formed oceanic plates are warmer and less dense than surrounding plate material

Physical geography (5 decks)

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