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Physical geography > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three nature of hazards

A

Geophysical, hydrological, atomspherical

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1
Q

What is risk

A

chance or probability of being affected by a natural event

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2
Q

what is vulnerability

A

potential for loss due to exposure to physical hazards

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3
Q

what is resilience

A

ability to prevent short term hazards from turning into a long term issue

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4
Q

what is a hazard

A

threat that has potential to cause injury or loss of life resulting in economic and environmental issues

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5
Q

what is hydrological nature of hazards

A

caused by occurrence movement and distribution of water and surface e.g flooding hail and droughts

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6
Q

what is geophysical

A

tectonic e.g earthquakes volcanic eruption’s tsunamis rockfall

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7
Q

what is atmospherical

A

processes operating in our atmosphere resulting in extreme weather e.g blizzards tournados sand storms bush fires

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8
Q

What are the three perception of hazards

A

Fatalism, Adaptation, Domination

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9
Q

what is fatalism

A

fatalistic tendencies. People seeing hazards as natural and part of life and acts from god ( religious ) events are random and we have to respond to them and loss of life and injury is expected

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10
Q

what is domination

A

perception of hazard that believes in science and that they are predicable and magnitude can be predicted. And we can control them through engendering and technology

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11
Q

What is adaptation

A

mixture of both 2 belief that hazards will happen and are influenced by human activity. Magnitude + frequency can be estimated based on past events

Pic populations are fatalistic due to lack of education

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12
Q

Factors affecting perceptions

A

socioeconomic status
education
employment
religion cultural ethinic background
family
past experiences
values and expectations

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13
Q

what does parks model show

A

the impacts on quality of life and how quickly it recovers

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14
Q

What is the hazard risk management cycle

A

pre disaster post disaster and response

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15
Q

what’s in pre disaster of the hazard management cycle

A

risk assessment mitigation

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16
Q

what’s in response of the hazard management cycle

A

warning evacuation saving people assessing damnage providing emergency services

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17
Q

what’s in post disaster of the hazard management scheme

A

reconstruction mitigation economic recovery infulstruture rebuilt assistance

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18
Q

what is:

frequency?

Magnitude?

Distribution?

A

Frequency= amount of times a hazard occurs in an area

Magnitude= strength of event

Distribution= where the hazard takes place, special coverage of hazard and its geographic location

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19
Q

Features of continental crust

A

lower density (lighter)
30-50km deep (thicker)
Over 1500 million years old (older)

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20
Q

features of oceanic crust

A

High density (heavier)
6-8km (thinner)
less than 200 million years old (younger)

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21
Q

what happens at a constructive plate boundary

A
  • plates are moving away
  • new crust created
  • basaltic rocks
  • shield volcanos (icelcand)
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22
Q

what happens at destructive plate boundaries

A
  • plates move towards eachother
  • oceanic crust destroyed
  • island arcs
  • earthquakes
23
Q

what happens at conservative plate boundaries?

A

plates move sideways along eachother and rub causing earthquakes

24
Q

how are fold mountains formed?

A

continental vs continental
collide not dense enough to subduct
crust folds and pushes up

25
Q

how are volcanos formed

A

destructive plate boundary
oceanic vs continental collide
oceanic more dense so subducts less dense continental plate driven down to athstenesphere plate melts due to heat and friction
maga rises up to surface and cools

26
Q

how is a deep ocean trench formed

A

destructive plate boundary
oceanic vs continental
more dense oceanic plate subducts under continental plate
pulling front of less dense plate down creating a trench

27
Q

how is a mid ocean ridge formed

A

constructive boundary
2 oceanic plates pull apart moving away from eachother
allowing magma to rise
magma reaches ocean turns into lava and cools

28
Q

how is an island arc formed

A

destructive plate boundary
oceanic plate vs oceanic plate
one is lighter than the other so is sub-ducted under and melting it rising it
as the plates move this happens repeatedly forming island arcs beneath the water

29
Q

how are rift valleys formed

A

conservative boundary
2 continental plates pull apart moving away stretching out the crust until it breaks
as it stretches wider the valley drops deeper leading to a new body of water at the bottom of it

30
Q

how is a hotspot formed

A

when a tectonic plate moves over an unsually hot part of the earths mantle it causes magma to rise

it’s a stationary plume of hot magma that rises from deep within the earth’s mantle and creates volcanos on surface

31
Q

evidence for tectonics

A

seafood spreading
geological evidence
biological evidence
alfred wergner
plateomagnatism
convection currents
ridge push
slab pull

32
Q

what is sea floor spreading

A

if it spreads is implied the earths getting bigger

33
Q

what is geological evidence

A

jigsaw fit of south america and west africa
glacial deposits in south america india and antarctica
structural faults in brazil and west africa
similar rock sequences in canada and scotland

34
Q

alfred werner belief

A

earth used to be all the same super continent called pangea which broke 200 million years ago

35
Q

what is plateomagnatism

A

polarity of ancient magnetic partials in rocks that found the same patterns and rhat crust is moving away from plate boundaries

36
Q

what are convection currents

A

heat driven cycles that occur in the earths mantle and cause of movement of tectonic plates

37
Q

what are the 3 states of volcanoes

A

active, dormant , extinct

38
Q

features of a composite volcano

A

destructive boundaries
taller
viscus (thick)
narrow base due to slow moving lava
steep sides
acidic due to gas bubbles
explosive eruptions
made up of layers of ash and lava
andesetic lava

39
Q

features of a shield volcano

A

constructive boundaries
gentle eruptions
less viscus (runny)
lava escapes through vents meaning lots reaches surface
can cover long distances
large base shallow sides
basaltic lava

40
Q

features of andesetic lava

A

viscus
cooler (800 degrees)
high silica content
flows short distances large base and cools
looses gas’s quickly so more viscus
steep sided
les frequent eruptions
pyroclastic flows

41
Q

features of basaltic lava

A

Hot (1200 degrees)
less viscus (runny)
low silica content
flows take longer to cool
gas content kept so more mobile
gentle but more frequent eruptions

42
Q

features of a pilinan eruption

A

magma has high silica content
highly explosive
lots of tephra
high viscus magma with high gas content
shoots 46km in air
eruptions last for days
pyroclastic flows

43
Q

features of a hawaiian eruption

A

basaltic lava + their features
not so explosive
few pyroclastic flows rather than flowing lava
fire fountains formed

44
Q

features of strombolian eruption

A

not dangerous
small quantities of magma
high velocity
high gas levels
morbidly lava flows but normally excess ash can lead to eruptions

45
Q

primary effects of volcano and what are they

A

tephra - rock fragments and partials ejected into air

pyroclastic flows - fast moving hot volcanic hazard made up of ash gas and rock at 800 degrees

lava flows - stream of molten rock that pours out of volcano

volcanic gasses - carbon monoxide hydrogen surface and co2 emitted

46
Q

secondary effects of a volcano and what are they

A

lahars - volcanic mudflow that’s a mixture of water mud and rock that flow quickly down slopes of volcano that’s hot and dense

flooding - eruptions melt glaciers causing rising sea levels

tsunami - ling high sea wave caused by under water eruptions and earthquakes and displacement of sea floor

climate change - volcanic ash reflects sunlight cooling earth

47
Q

what are longitudinal waves

A

vibrations are along same direction as direction of travel they are also primary

48
Q

what are transverse waves

A

vibrations are at a right angle to direction of travel and are secondary

49
Q

what’s the difference between primary and secondary waves

A

primary waves are seismic waves that travel straight through the earths solids and liquids they also are detected first they are longitudinal waves where vibrations are along the same direction of travel. Secondary waves are slower and are deflected second as they travel at half the speed of primary. Secondary waves are also transverse meaning that vibrations are at a right angle to direction. The shadow zone is caused by S waves as P waves travel though the center of core however S waves cannot and travel around the core causing a P wave shadow zone

50
Q

advantages and disadvantages of the richter scale (measures magnitude of EQ)

A

advantages: easy to understand

disadvantages: can’t give clear calculations to earthquakes
not accurate over 8

51
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of moment magnitude scale
(based on total momentum release of EQ)

A

advantages: can describe very small earthquakes

disadvantages: confusing between this and the richter scale

52
Q

mericali scale advantages and disadvantages
(based on damage of the EQ)

A

advantages: easy to under stand and no calculations required

disadvantages: personal opinion

53
Q

what is liquefaction

A

when a violently shaken soil with high water content loose their mechanical strength and start to behave like liquid

54
Q

what is slab pull

A

a force that results from denser oceanic plates sinking beneath less dense continental plates along a destructive boundary and subduction zone

55
Q

what is ridge push

A

a force that drives tectonic plates down at mid ocean ridges where newly formed oceanic plates are warmer and less dense than surrounding plate material

Physical geography (5 decks)

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