Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hazard

A

the threat of substantial loss of life, substantial impact upon life or damage to property that can be caused by an event

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2
Q

when will an event become a hazard

A

when it is a threat to people

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3
Q

disaster definition

A

A disaster occurs when a hazard significantly disrupts a community or society, causing widespread damage, injury, or loss of life, and exceeds the affected population’s capacity to cope without external assistance.

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4
Q

3 main types of hazard

A
  • geophysical- involve geological processes, hazards driven by the earths own internal energy sources
    -atmospheric- hazards driven by processes in the atmosphere
    -hydrological- hazards driven by water bodies, mainly oceans
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5
Q

secondary impact

A

happen after the disaster has happened

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6
Q

primary impact

A

those that have a immediate effect on the effected area

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7
Q

lifestyle factors that affect different viewpoints on hazards

A

-wealth
-experience
-education
-religion and belief
-mobility

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8
Q

passive response to hazard

A

-fatalism- the viewpoint that hazards are uncontrollable natural events and any losses should be accepted as there is nothing that can be done to stop them

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9
Q

active responses to hazards

A

-prediction- using scientific research and past events in order to know when a hazard will take place so that warnings may be delivered and impacts of the hazard can be reduced
- adaptation- attempting to live with hazards by adjusting lifestyle choices so that vulnerability to the hazard is lessened
-mitigation- strategies carries out to lessen the severity of a hazard
-management- coordinated strategies to reduce hazards effects ( this includes prediction, adaptation and mitigation)
-risk sharing- a form of community preparedness whereby the community shares the risk posed by natural hazard and invests collectively to mitigate the impacts of future hazards

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10
Q

3 hazard perceptions

A

-fatalism- people accept hazards as a natural and inevitable part of life. They believe they cannot control the outcome
-adaptation- people acknowledge the risks posed by hazards but believe they can take action to reduce vulnerability and live with the risk
-domination- people believe that hazards can be controlled or managed with technology and human innovation. The focus is on dominating nature through engineering and science.

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11
Q

incidence

A

frequency of hazard

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12
Q

distribution

A

where hazards occur geographically

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13
Q

intensity

A

the power of a hazard

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14
Q

magnitude

A

the size of the hazard

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15
Q

the hazard management cycle

A

-preparedness- being ready for an event to occur
- response- immediate action taken after event, immediate responses focus on saving lives and coordinating medical assistance
-recovery- long term responses, restoring the affected area to something approaching normality, in short term this will be restoration of services so that longer term planning and reconstruction to the pre event levels can begin
- mitigation- strategies to lessen effects of another hazard

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16
Q

what does the hazard management cycle outline

A

the stages of responding to events

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17
Q

what is the park model a representation of

A

a graphical representation of human responses to hazards

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18
Q

what are the stages of the park model

A

-stage1-relief (immediate response)(hours-days)
-stage 2-rehabilitaion(days to weeks)
-stage 3 reconstruction(weeks-years)

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19
Q

what does the steepness of the park model curve show

A

how quickly an area deteriorates and recovers

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20
Q

what does the depth on the curve of the park model show

A

the scale of the disater

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21
Q

2 types of crust

A
  • oceanic- an occasionally broken layer of basaltic rocks known as sima (silica and aluminum)
    -continental- bodies of mainly granitic rocks known as sial (silica and aluminium)
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22
Q

asthenophere

A

semi molten layer constantly moving due to flows of heat called convection currents. movements are powered by heat from the core. the lithosphere is above

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23
Q

lithosphere

A

broken up into plates. majority of the lithosphere is within the mantle. the top of the lithosphere is the crust which is the land and sea we live on

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24
Q

magma

A

molten rock, gases and liquids from the mantle accumulating in vast chambers at great pressures deep within the lithosphere.on reaching the ground surface magma is known as lava

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25
igneous rocks
rocks formed by the cooling of molten magma either underground (intrusive) or on the ground surface (extrusive)
26
imtrusive
magma that cool, crystallizes and solidifies below the surface. coarse grained igneous rock
27
extrusive
lava that is in contact with the air or sea. it cools , crystallizes and solidifies quicker than magma that is underground. the resulting igneous rocks tend to be fine grained
28
the lithosphere is broken up into large slabs of rock called __________
tectonic plates
29
why do tectonic plates move
due to convection currents in the asthenosphere which pull and push the plates in different directions
30
how are convection currents caused
when less dense magma rises, cools and sinks.
31
evidence for plate tectonics
- super continent Pangea, continents drifted away from each other due to continental drift ( theory of continental drift by Alfred Wegner 1912) - geological evidence - south America and west Africa have a 'jigsaw fit', south America, Antarctica and India have similar glacial deposits, west Africa and Brazil have matching structural faults, Scotland and eastern canada have similar rock sequences ( support continental drift) - biological evidence- fossils found in India are comparable with Australia, Fossil remains of the reptile Mesosaurus are found in both south America and south Africa and identical plant fossils found in the coal deposits of both India and Antarctica ( support continental drift) - paleomagnetism - when basaltic lava cools on the sea floor individual minerals separate and align themselves on the sea floor in the direction of the magnetic pile, the earths magnetic field reverses periodically and an identical alternating striped pattern of rock formations can be seen on either side of the mid Atlantic ridge - newest rock are at the center near Iceland and the oldest at cost of north America suggesting the floor is spreading and subducting - convection currents push and pull tectonic plates - ridge push and slab pull are forces driving tectonic plate movement
32
ridge push
the slope created when plates move apart has gravity acting upon it as it is at a higher elevation. this gravity pushes the plates further away widening the gap
33
slab pull
when a plate subducts the plate sinking into the mantle pulls the rest of the plate with it causing further subduction
34
different plate bondaries
- destructive plate margin-move towards each other -constructive plate margin- move away from each other -conservative plate boundary- move parallel to eachother
35
2 types of divergence (constructive)
- in oceanic areas sea floor spreading occurs on either side of mid ocean ridges -in continental areas stretching and collapsing of the crust creates rift valleys
36
oceanic and oceanic constructive -
-magma rises in between the gap left by plates forming new land (sea floor spreading) -forms a chain of submarine mountain ridges - regualr breaks called transform faults cut across the ridges. the faults occur at right angles separate sections of the ridge. they widen at different rates which leads to frictional stress building up and released causing shallow focus earthquakes - volcanic eruptions along the ridges can build submarine volcanoes - less explosive underwater volcanoes are formed as magma rises mid ocean ridge
37
continental to continental constructive -
- any land in the middle of the separation is forced apart causing a rift valley - volcanoes form where magma rises - eventually the gap will most likely fill with water and separate completely from the main island - the valleys are formed when the lithosphere stretches causing it to fracture into sets if parallel faults. the land between the faults then collapses into deep wide valleys seperated by upright blocks of land called horsts - lifted areas of rocks are known as horsts whereas the valley itself is known as graben
38
3 types of convergent (destructive)
- oceanic plate meeting continental - oceanic plate meeting oceanic - continental plate meeting continental
39
oceanic meets continental (destructive)
-denser oceanic plate subducts below continental - subducting plate leaves an deep ocean trench - fold mountains occur when sediment is pushed upwards during subduction as compression continues simple folding can become asymmetrical then overfolded and it might break creating a nappe - descending oceanic plate starts to melt at depths beyond 100km and completely destroyed at 700km. The zone of melting is called the Benioff zone. melting is caused by increasing heat at depth and friction - friction may lead to tension building up which is released as intermediate or deep focus earthquakes - oceanic crust melts and extra magma causes pressure to build up. Pressurized magma forces through weak areas in the continental plate and erupt as composite volcanoes
40
oceanic meets oceanic (destructive)
-heavier plate subducts leaving an ocean trench. fold mountains will also occur - rising magma from the benioff zone forms cresents of submarine volcanoes along the plate margin which could form island arcs - built up pressure causes underwater volcanoes bursting through oceanic plate
41
continental plate meets continental ( destructive)
- continental plates are of lower density than asthenosphere beneath so subduction does mot occur - colliding plates become uplifted and file moutains form - no volcanic activity - shallow focus earthquakes can be triggered
42
conservative plate boundary
- plate slide past eachother - no volcanic activity - friction between plates leads to stresses building up whenever 'sticking' occurs. stresses may he released as powerful shallow focus earthquakes - on oceanic crust movement of plstes can displace a lot of water - on continental fault lines can occur where ground is cracked by movement
43
what are hotspots
areas of volcanic activity that are not related to plate boundaries. Hot magma plumes from the mantle rise and burn through weaker parts of the crust. this can create volcanoes or islands radioactive decay within the earths core generates very hot temperatures.if the decays concentrated hotspots can form
44
where has high volcanic and earthquake activity
ring of fire
45
where do volcanoes occur
on plate boundaries where plates melt and magma erupts through a plate or on a hotspot
46
types of magma
- basaltic -andesitic - rhyolitic
47
basaltic magma silica content- viscosity- gas content- temp- tectonic setting- eruption style-
- around 50%, low - low, flows easily - low, less explosive - high around 1000-1200 - constructive and hotspots - effusive w lava flows
48
andestic magma silica content- viscosity- gas content- temp- tectonic setting- eruption style-
-around 60%, intermediate - intermediate, less fluid than basaltic - moderate more explosive - moderate 800-1000 - destructive - explosive forming composite volcanoes
49
rhyolitic magma silica content- viscosity- gas content- temp- tectonic setting- eruption style-
- high around 70% - high very thick and sticky - high violent eruptions - low 650-800 - found in continental crust and hotspots under continents - catastrophic w pyroclastic flows and domes
50
types of volcanic eruptions
- icelandic- basaltic lava flows gently from fissures - hawaiian- basaltic lava flows gently from central vent - Strombolian- basaltic lava and frequent explosive eruptions of tephra and steam w occasional short lava flows - vulcanian - basaltic, andestic, rhoylitic and less frequent but more violent eruptions of gases ash and tephra - vesuvian - basaltic, andesitic, rhoylitiv and following long periods of inactivity very violent gas explosions burst into the sky - pelean - andrsitic and rhyolitic and very biolent eruptions of nuees or dentes ( pyrcolastic flow) - pilian - rhylotic and exceptionally violent eruptions of gases ash and pumic
51
what is the magnitude of volcanoes measured using
volcano ecplosivity index VEI - scale 0 -8 - how much tephra is erupted how long it lasts how high the tephra is erupted how long it lasts - logarithmic scale
52
how do u describe lower magnitude volcanoes
effusive
53
frequency of volcanoes are classified as
dormant- not erupting but could become active again active- currently erupting or showing signs of activity extinct - no longer expected to erupt
54
can volcanoes be predicted
- volcanic wruptions tend to follow weeks of seismic activity and warnings - seismometer or seismographs could detect - realease of gases - elevation
55
monitoring if active and dormant volcanoes
- seismographs and seismometers measuring seismic activity indicating rising magma, fracturing and cracking of overlying rocks - ground deformation measured by tiltometers and laser based electronic measurement- bulging if the ground is caused by rising magma - rising ground water temp or gas content ( sulphur ) - small eruptions, gas emissions (chlorine), landslides, rockfalls
56
types of volcanoes
fissure eruptions basic sheild acid dome composite calderas
57
fissure eruptions volcano
-eruptions of basic lava such as blocky lava (aa) or smooth and ropy (pahoehoe) can create extensive lava plateus -hollows in the existing landscape and filled to create flat featureless basalt plains
58
basic shield volcanoes
-shallow sided and broad -formed by relatively pure basalt that cools as it runs down from the summit crater -typical of constructive plate margins, rift valleys, hotspots eruptions are gentler
59
acid dome volcanoes
- steep sided sides - thick viscous silca rich gaseous lava that solidifes before running too far the slope - destructive plate margin -explosive - made up of layers of lava
60
composite volcanoes
- formed from alternating eruptions of ash tephra and lava builds up the volcano in layers - layering produces weaknesses that can be exploited by magma
61
caledras
-violent eruptions that blow off volcanoes summit emptying the magma chamber causing sides of the volcano to collapse inwards resulting in pit crater
62
primary volcanic hazards
- lava flows - pyroclastic flows - tephra and ash falls - volcanic gases
63
secondary volcanic hazards
- lahars - jokulhlaups - landslides - tsunamis - climate change
64
primary impacts of volcanic eruptions
environmental - ecosystems destroyed by lava, pyroclastic flows, ash. wildlife killed directly or by habitat destruction social - loss of lives, homes destroyed, displacement economic- destruction of businesses and industries (agriculture) disruption of trade
65
secondary impacts of volcanic eruption
environmental - acid rain from sulphur dioxide, contributes to greenhouse effect, flooding or mudflows when ash mixes w rain or melted glacial ice social - long term homelessness and rebuilding efforts. physical and psychological trauma. risk of fires by volcanic debris economic - loss of jobs due to damaged infrastructure , increased profit from tourism
66
short term responses to volcanic eruptioms
- evacuation - emergency aid
67
long term responses to volcanic hazards
- land use and planning - monitoring systems - education
68
what is the focus
the point underground where the earthquake originates from
69
what is the epicentre
area above the ground that is directly above the focus
70
types of seismic waves
p waves (primary or pressure) s waves ( secondary or shear) surface love rayleigh
71
p waves
- fastest and reach the surface first - high frequency - travel through both mantle and core to the opposite side
72
s waves
- travel at half the speed of p waves and reach the surface next - high frequency - travel through mantle but not core so cannot be measured at opposite the focus or epitcentre
73
surface love waves
slowest waves cause most damage
74
Rayleigh waves
radiate from the epicenter in complicated low frequency rolling motions
75
spatial distribution of earthquakes
-along all boundaries -ring of fire accounts for 90% -alpine Himalayan belt account ls for 5-6%
76
logarithmic richter scale
- measure of strength of the seismic waves - formula interpretets the distance moved by the vibrating pen on a seismograph - starts at 0 - destructive earthquakes over 6 - each number is ten times the magnitude of number before - rarely exceeds 9 - anything above 8 sends seismograph inti frenzy so moment magnitude is used
77
moment nagnitude scale
- calculates total energy released in an earthquake
78
modified mercalli intensity scale
- has a definite end at 12 - subjective so sometimes dependent on human development being present
79
what is the magnitude of an earthquake dependent on
- the depth of the focus - conservative boundaries have the shallowest boundaries meaning they are closer to the epicenter and the seismic waves are stronger - destructive boundaries usually have deeper focuses meaning the waves are spread over a larger area before they reach the epicenter
80
can u predict earthquakes
no but microwaves might give some indication
81
hazards caused by seismic events
- shockwaves - tsunamis - liquefaction - landslides and avalanches
82
tsunami
- oceanic crust is jolted - water is displaced - water travels fast but low amplitude (less than 1m) - as it reaches shore rise to heights of 25m - wavelength is very long in open water can be from 100-1000km - travel very quickly reaching speeds of 640 -960km - a long time is between each wave 10-60 mins - on approaching the coast there is friction between the seabed and waves which causes the waves to slow down and gain height creating a wall of water
83
primary impacts of seismic hazard
- social - ground shaking causes building and bridges to collapse, windows to shatter, power lines collapse, water / gas mains an sewer to fracture. schools, unis destroyed. - economic - businesses destroyed - environmental - fault lines caused which destroy the environment. liquefaction of saturated soils, landslides and avalanches
84
secondary impacts of seismic hazards
-social - gas ruptures cab cause fires that kill. contaminated water supplies can spread disease .ruptured pipes can cause floods. emergency services hindered. power cuts can restrict immediate medical care. civil disorder, looting. education suspended - economic - economic decline as businesses r destroyed. high cost of rebuilding and insurance payout. sources of income lost - environmental- radioactive materials and other dangerous substances leaked from power plants ,salt water flood freshwater ecosystems ,soil sailinisation ,tsunami ,flooding from blocked rivers causing quake lakes
85
prevention of seismic hazards
they cannot be prevented but liquefaction can be prevented by soil stablisation and avalanches can be prevented through controlled explosions
86
preparedness to seismic hazards
earthquake warning systems tsunami warning systems evactuation plans training awareness strategies and education
87
tropical storm
a low pressure spinning storm with high winds and torrential rain
88
what is a tropical storm known as in india
cyclone
89
what is a tropical storm known as in the north atlantic
hurricane
90
what is a tropical storm known as in south east asia
typhoon
91
certain conditions for a tropical storm to form and develop
-ocean temp at least 26c -water must be 50m deep -near equator but no less than 5 degrees of it for the coriolis effect -winds from different directions but not too strong -areas of unstable air pressure usually where area of high and low pressure converge -air must be humid -regions of intense atmospheric instability where warm air forced to rise -a trigger like a pre existing storm
92
formation of storm hazards
-warm moist air rises leaving an area of low pressure below.this causes warm air from surrounding areas of high pressure to move into this low pressure area and rise too -overall warm air is constanty rising and accumulating in the atmosphere -when warm air rises it cools, condensing into thunderstorm clouds (cumulonimbus) -the whole system is spinning due to the Coriolis effect in the southern hemisphere clockwise in the north anti -the constant additions of energy from the warm air causes the storm to spin faster and generate wind at high speeds -at 39mph the storm can be classified as a tropical storm
93
eye of the storm
the centre of the storm this is an area spanning around 30 miles wide that is of extremeley low pressure, cool dry air which is cool from higher altitudes and moisture has been transfered into the system, descends in the eye causing weather to be relatively calm and cloud free
94
eye wall
the most intense and powerful area of the storm moist air rapidly rises with extremely high winds and torrential rain
95
storm surge
when a tropical storm reaches the cost, the low pressure and high winds will cause a large amount of sea water to be taken into the system then released as a high wave called storm surge
96
who are tropical storms measured
on the saffir simpson sacle (1-5) based on wind speeds
97
when do tropical storms usually occur in the northern hemisphere
june - november
98
when do tropical storms usually occur in the southern hemisphere
november - april
99
predictability of tropical storms
satelitle tracking of cloud formations and movement can be tracked and the general route can be predicted tornadoes are commonly formed within tropical storms but they are highly localised so difficult to predict storm surges can be predicted based on the pressure and intensity of the storm from past storms the probability of a storm hitting a area can be predicted
100
where do most tropical storms form
in the tropics
101
hazards caused by tropical storms
-string winds -storm surges -coastal and river flooding -landslides
102
primary impacts of storm hazards
-environmental- beaches eroded - sand displaces -coastal habitats such as coral reefs destroyed -economic- businesses destroyed -agricultural land damaged -social- drowning -debris carried by high winds can injure or kill -buildings destroyed
103
secondary impacts of storm hazards
-environmental- river flooding/ salt water contamination -animals displaced from flooding -water sources changing course from blockages -economic - rebuilding and insurance payout -sources of income lost -economic decline from sources of income destroyed -social - homelessness -polluted water supplies, spread of disease -food shortages from damaged land -political- paying back international aid -pressure for government to do more about global warming
104
can storm hazards be prevented
no
105
preparedness for a storm hazard
-awareness through education -minor structural improvements to building -insurance -evacuation plans and training -satellite image tracking to manage areas at risk -storm warning systems and television broadcasts
106
mitigation of storm hazards
-structural responses -disaster aid -insurance
107
adaptation for storm hazards
-design buildings to withstand high winds and flood damage -flood defenses -land use zoning
108
wildfire
an uncontrolled rural fire
109
what are wildfire know as in australia
bushfires
110
what are wildfire know as in north america
brushfires
111
conditions favouring intense wildfire
-thick, close together vegetation -vegetation with flammable oils -dry vegetation -in a climate that has enough rainfall for sufficient plant growth but dry spells and droughts to dry out the fuel like dry seasons -wind causes fire to spread quicker -heatwaves, droughts and cylindrical climatic events such as el nino -conditions favourable for lightning to ignite wildfire
112
fine fuels
dry grass, leaves, twigs causes fires to spread quicker
113
heavy fuels
logs and tree trunks burns for longer and more intensely
114
cyclical climatic events
-el nino - the indian ocean dipole
115
el nino
a cyclical climatic event that occurs on average every six to eight years -involves the warming of the pacific ocean off the west coast of south america and affects global patterns of tempreture and rainfall. some places suffer from devastating floods and others by prolonged periods of drought
116
two phases of el nino
el nino- warm ohase la nina - cold phase
117
effect of el nino in california
provides warmer wetter seasons to grow vegetation and la ninas dryer seasons create more wildfires
118
indian ocean dipole
- IOD is a ocean and atmosphere phenomenon that affects the climate of countries that surround the indian ocean basin
119
during positive IOD
-cooler than normal water in the tropical east and warmer than normal in the tropical west -decrease in rainfall over parts of central and southern australia increasing risk of wildfires
120
3 main types of wildfire burning
crown fires surface fires ground fires
121
crown fires-
burn the entire tree from bottom to top most dangerous and destructive spread across tree canopys and affects forested areas
122
surface fires
burn across the surface of vegetation only burn the leaf litter so easily extinguish
123
ground fires
burn at the dry peat or vegetation beneath the surface move slowly underground difficult to put out because underground
124
do fires spread slowly or quickly on hills
quickly because heat rises
125
the ladder effect
describes the process of fires from the forest floor spreading to the tree canopy
126
natural causes of wildfires
lightning volcanoes can be spontaneous
127
human causes of wildfires
lit ciggerettes barbeques agriculture train lines
128
majority of wildfires are caused by
humans
129
most prone areas to wildfires
wild land- urban interfaces, woodland close to large urban areas
130
why do wildfires advance more rapidly upslope
heat transfer processes preheat the vegetation ahead of the flames preparing them for ignition and rapid spread of fire. these processes are most effective in preheating material above the fire because heat rises
131
how can spot fires form
-burning fragments of vegetation (firebands) carried ahead of the fire front by convection currents and strong winds -firebands can roll downslope and start fires some distance from the fire front (gravity)
132
primary impacts of wildfires
-environmental- destruction of habitats and ecosystems -death and injury of animals which impacts food chains and food webs -short term surge of co2 due to burning of carbon stores (trees) -atmospheric pollution and water pollution -toxic gases released -social- loss of life and injury -displacement -disruption to power supplies -damage to mobile phone stations -economic-damage / destruction of structures -destruction of business -loss of crops and livestock -cost of fighting fires -financial loss
133
secondary impacts of wildfires
-environmental-lack of trees and vegetation causes depletion in nutrient stores, increased leaching and risk of flooding -increased carbon emission impact climate change -effects on ecosystem - secondary succession -social- homelessness -food shortages from destroyed agricultural land -health problems -economic- high cost of rebuilding and insurance payout -replacement of farm infrastructure -cost of future preparedness and mitigation strategies -planes cancelled -discourages vistors and tourism
134
wildfires impact on global systems
-local ecosystems- habitats destoryed, animals killed or displaced, nutrient stores depleted -aquatic ecosystem- toxic ash in water courses -water cycle- loss of vegetation affecting transfer processes such as surface run off, evapouration and infiltration -local scale nutrient cycle- biomass and litter store burned -green house effect increases - positive feedback loop -development of vegetation sucessions
135
preparedness to wild fires
-evacuation plans,emergency services traning and personal emergency plan -warning systems, broadcasted weather warning such as red flag warning system indicating when weather conditions for extreme fire behaviour may be met in 24 hours and fire weather watch which is issued when those weather conditions could exist in the next 24 to 48 hours -thermal infared satellite imagery - firebreak or defensible space around properties by mowing dry grasses and weeds, maintaining irrigates green belt, reducing density of surrounding forest and stacking firewood away from home
136
mitigating wildfire
-early detection w satelites or infared sensors -remove fuel can be acheived by deliberatley back burning vegetation ahead of fire front, natural barriers such as rivers, -immediate response search and rescue, spray water onto fire, aircrafts -long term reaponse - controlled burnings. fire breaks
137
prevention of wildfire
-controlled burning -public awarness -use of campfires and barbecues strictly enforces -smoky bear as a mascot to provide info on preventing wildfires
138
adaptation wildfires
-globally stop contibuting to green house effect -planning regualtion -building design , simple, cheap, non polluting -wildfires burn away old and diseased wood enabling fresh growth and directly stimulates the growth of certain species