Hazards Flashcards
what is a hazard
the threat of substantial loss of life, substantial impact upon life or damage to property that can be caused by an event
when will an event become a hazard
when it is a threat to people
disaster definition
A disaster occurs when a hazard significantly disrupts a community or society, causing widespread damage, injury, or loss of life, and exceeds the affected population’s capacity to cope without external assistance.
3 main types of hazard
- geophysical- involve geological processes, hazards driven by the earths own internal energy sources
-atmospheric- hazards driven by processes in the atmosphere
-hydrological- hazards driven by water bodies, mainly oceans
secondary impact
happen after the disaster has happened
primary impact
those that have a immediate effect on the effected area
lifestyle factors that affect different viewpoints on hazards
-wealth
-experience
-education
-religion and belief
-mobility
passive response to hazard
-fatalism- the viewpoint that hazards are uncontrollable natural events and any losses should be accepted as there is nothing that can be done to stop them
active responses to hazards
-prediction- using scientific research and past events in order to know when a hazard will take place so that warnings may be delivered and impacts of the hazard can be reduced
- adaptation- attempting to live with hazards by adjusting lifestyle choices so that vulnerability to the hazard is lessened
-mitigation- strategies carries out to lessen the severity of a hazard
-management- coordinated strategies to reduce hazards effects ( this includes prediction, adaptation and mitigation)
-risk sharing- a form of community preparedness whereby the community shares the risk posed by natural hazard and invests collectively to mitigate the impacts of future hazards
3 hazard perceptions
-fatalism- people accept hazards as a natural and inevitable part of life. They believe they cannot control the outcome
-adaptation- people acknowledge the risks posed by hazards but believe they can take action to reduce vulnerability and live with the risk
-domination- people believe that hazards can be controlled or managed with technology and human innovation. The focus is on dominating nature through engineering and science.
incidence
frequency of hazard
distribution
where hazards occur geographically
intensity
the power of a hazard
magnitude
the size of the hazard
the hazard management cycle
-preparedness- being ready for an event to occur
- response- immediate action taken after event, immediate responses focus on saving lives and coordinating medical assistance
-recovery- long term responses, restoring the affected area to something approaching normality, in short term this will be restoration of services so that longer term planning and reconstruction to the pre event levels can begin
- mitigation- strategies to lessen effects of another hazard
what does the hazard management cycle outline
the stages of responding to events
what is the park model a representation of
a graphical representation of human responses to hazards
what are the stages of the park model
-stage1-relief (immediate response)(hours-days)
-stage 2-rehabilitaion(days to weeks)
-stage 3 reconstruction(weeks-years)
what does the steepness of the park model curve show
how quickly an area deteriorates and recovers
what does the depth on the curve of the park model show
the scale of the disater
2 types of crust
- oceanic- an occasionally broken layer of basaltic rocks known as sima (silica and aluminum)
-continental- bodies of mainly granitic rocks known as sial (silica and aluminium)
asthenophere
semi molten layer constantly moving due to flows of heat called convection currents. movements are powered by heat from the core. the lithosphere is above
lithosphere
broken up into plates. majority of the lithosphere is within the mantle. the top of the lithosphere is the crust which is the land and sea we live on
magma
molten rock, gases and liquids from the mantle accumulating in vast chambers at great pressures deep within the lithosphere.on reaching the ground surface magma is known as lava