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gcse mock geog > hazards > Flashcards

hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

hydrometeorological vs geological hazards

A

hydro : caused by weather or water

geo : movement in crust

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2
Q

why might someone live in hazardous areas

A

they enjoy the area and take the risk
volcanoes provide geothermal power e.g in iceland 27% of electricity comes from geothermal power
tourism benefits e.g mount etna in italy
no knowledge
no other choice
fertile soil

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3
Q

4 factors that affect the risk of hazards

A

urbanisation
poverty
farming
climate change

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4
Q

how are earthquakes distributed

A

on plate boundaries

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5
Q

how do conservative plate boundaries cause earthquakes and an example

A

• friction causes consistent, minor earthquakes
• become “locked” by objects in ground
• pressure builds and convection currents continue to apply force
• pressure releases, seismic waves sent through crust

san andreas fault

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6
Q

how do constructive plate boundaries cause hazards with example

A

• magma rises to fill gap between plates as lava
• lava forms basalt
• shield volcanoes form, huges ridges
• magmas continues to crack through

mid atlantic ridge

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7
Q

how do destructive plate boundaries cause hazards with example

A

• cont and ocean plate converge
• ocean plate is denser and heavier so is subducted into oceanic trench
• friction melts plate to magma
• magma less dense than solid rock so rises through cont plate

nazca plate & south american plate

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8
Q

how can we predict earthquakes and disadvantage

A

seisometers to monitor tremors and find out where they will happen

difficult to find out when

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9
Q

three ways we improve buildings to keep safe from earthquakes

A

• rubber shock absorbers in foundation
• steel frames that sway
• open areas outside for evacuation

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10
Q

how do we prepare for earthquakes

A

earthquake drills to reduce affect and increase survival
stockpile supplies

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11
Q

what conditions are needed to form a tropical storm

A

sea at least 27°
coriolis effect
unstable conditions in equitorial regions
light wind shear

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12
Q

6 steps on how tropical storms form

A

ECEPL
• conditions required occur
• rapid rates of evaporation transfer huge quantities of warm water vapour rapidly into air
• cool and condenses into towering thunderstorm clouds. several join to form tropical storm
• eye develops where air descends rapidly. eye wall forms around and is where strongest winds and heaviest rain are felt
• prevailing winds carry storm across ocean and the storm gathers more strength
• land slows and weakens storm due to friction

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13
Q

where are tropical storms called hurricanes

A

usa and caribbean

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14
Q

where do they call tropical storms typhoons

A

japan and philippines

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15
Q

where do they call tropical storms cyclones

A

se asia, aus and africa

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16
Q

when was cyclone idai

A

14-15 march 2019

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17
Q

when was cyclone idai

A

14-15 march 2019

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18
Q

where did cyclone idai make landfall and what countries were affected

A

landfall: beira in mozambique

affected: mozam, zimb, malaw, madag

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19
Q

what was cylcone idai’s:
category
wind speed
storm surge
rainfall

A

catergory: 2
wind speed: 180 km/h
storm surge: 4m
rainfall: 600mm

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20
Q

brief description of cyclone idai’s track

A

formed: near west coast of madagascar in mozambique channel
travelled southwest
landfall in beira
turn north west into zimbabwe

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21
Q

6 primary impacts

A

initial deaths was 1300
90% beira destroyed
3 000 000 affected
17 hospitals destroyed
power lost and roads gone (flood)
agricultural fields destroyed in malawi

22
Q

how can you track tropical storms

A

satellite photography

23
Q

one proof of heat in uk becoming extreme

A

2003 in kent - record high. 2000+ died, railways buckled and roads melted
2019 in cambridge - record beaten

24
Q

proof of extreme weather - flood

A

2013 - 14 , wettest winter in 250 years

25
Q
A
26
Q

4 methods of measuring climate change

A

ice cores
shrinking glaciers
rising sea level
seasonal changes

27
Q

how can you use ice cores to measure temp change and how accurate

A

drill deep into ice, as it traps carbon molecules.
more molecules = warmer
very accurate

28
Q

how do you measure temperature change with shrinking glaciers and how effective

A

satellite images to record changes in size. thinned by 65% since 1975
accurate

29
Q

how can sea level show temp change and how accurate

A

melting glaciers and thermal expansion rises sea level
rose 3.2 mm per year 1993-2015
accurate

30
Q

how can we use seasonal changes to measure temperature change and how accurate

A

track animal migration, blossoming and weather
advancing by 2 days per year
not as convincing, hard to track

31
Q

5 natural causes of climate change

A

precession
axial tilt
eccentricity
solar activity / sun spots
volcanic activity

32
Q

describe precession

A

natural wobble
complete cycle takes 26000 years
northern norway experiences long days and nights in parts of year

33
Q

describe eccentricity

A

uneven path of earth rotation
not fixed, changes from circular to mildly elliptical
every 100 000 years

34
Q

describe axial tilt

A

angle of tilt changes between two extremes, 21.5 and 24.5
every 41000 years
more angled toward the sun, nothern hemisphere warms, where most population is

35
Q

describe how volcanic activity affects climate change

A

blasts huge quantities of ash, gas and liquids into atmosphere
blocks sun, short term reduction in surface temps, “volcanic winter”

36
Q

what is the green house effect

A

co2 and methane absorb and trap heat

37
Q

what is the enhanced greenhouse effect

A

acceleration of natural climate change by humans

38
Q

how does deforestation cause climate change

A

accounts for 20% of emissions.
releases carbon stored during photosynthesis

39
Q

three human factors of climate change

A

fossil fuels
deforestation
agriculture

40
Q

how does agriculture contribute to greenhouse gases

A

• accounts for 30% emissions
livestock release methane as burps
• anaerobic decomposition in paddy rice cultivation accounts for up to 20% total methane human emissions
• 75% all nitrous oxide comes from manure and fertilisers

41
Q

whats the word for when you want to say something was man made

A

anthropogenic

42
Q

what is mitigation

A

stop climate change from happening

43
Q

what is adaptation

A

adjustments to our lives and changes take place

44
Q

three mitigation strategies

A

carbon capture
planting trees
international agreements

45
Q

how does carbon capture work

A

• capture co2 from burning fossil fuels
• co2 is then compressed & piped
• then injected underground for long term storage in geological reservoirs

46
Q

how does planting trees effective mitigation

A

carbon sink
• remove co2 through photosynthesis
• release moisture, cloud reduces incoming solar radiation

47
Q

how do international agreements help mitigation

A

legally binding “paris agreement” 2016

limit temperature increase to 15° above pre industrial levels

48
Q

how does alternative energy sources promote mitigation

A

hep, wind, solar, nuclear, tide
low carbon alternatives

by 2030, uk aims to get 65% energy from renewable energy stores

49
Q

two ways we can adapt to climate change

A

change in agricultural systems
managing water supply

50
Q

how can we change agricultural systems to adapt to climate change

A

• cope with extreme weathers
• storing and efficiently irrigating water
• drought resistant crops

gcse mock geog (7 decks)

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