hazards

Question 1

hydrometeorological vs geological hazards

Answer 1

hydro : caused by weather or water

geo : movement in crust

Question 2

why might someone live in hazardous areas

Answer 2

they enjoy the area and take the risk
volcanoes provide geothermal power e.g in iceland 27% of electricity comes from geothermal power
tourism benefits e.g mount etna in italy
no knowledge
no other choice
fertile soil

Question 3

4 factors that affect the risk of hazards

Answer 3

urbanisation
poverty
farming
climate change

Question 4

how are earthquakes distributed

Answer 4

on plate boundaries

Question 5

how do conservative plate boundaries cause earthquakes and an example

Answer 5

• friction causes consistent, minor earthquakes
• become “locked” by objects in ground
• pressure builds and convection currents continue to apply force
• pressure releases, seismic waves sent through crust

san andreas fault

Question 6

how do constructive plate boundaries cause hazards with example

Answer 6

• magma rises to fill gap between plates as lava
• lava forms basalt
• shield volcanoes form, huges ridges
• magmas continues to crack through

mid atlantic ridge

Question 7

how do destructive plate boundaries cause hazards with example

Answer 7

• cont and ocean plate converge
• ocean plate is denser and heavier so is subducted into oceanic trench
• friction melts plate to magma
• magma less dense than solid rock so rises through cont plate

nazca plate & south american plate

Question 8

how can we predict earthquakes and disadvantage

Answer 8

seisometers to monitor tremors and find out where they will happen

difficult to find out when

Question 9

three ways we improve buildings to keep safe from earthquakes

Answer 9

• rubber shock absorbers in foundation
• steel frames that sway
• open areas outside for evacuation

Question 10

how do we prepare for earthquakes

Answer 10

earthquake drills to reduce affect and increase survival
stockpile supplies

Question 11

what conditions are needed to form a tropical storm

Answer 11

sea at least 27°
coriolis effect
unstable conditions in equitorial regions
light wind shear

Question 12

6 steps on how tropical storms form

Answer 12

ECEPL
• conditions required occur
• rapid rates of evaporation transfer huge quantities of warm water vapour rapidly into air
• cool and condenses into towering thunderstorm clouds. several join to form tropical storm
• eye develops where air descends rapidly. eye wall forms around and is where strongest winds and heaviest rain are felt
• prevailing winds carry storm across ocean and the storm gathers more strength
• land slows and weakens storm due to friction

Question 13

where are tropical storms called hurricanes

Answer 13

usa and caribbean

Question 14

where do they call tropical storms typhoons

Answer 14

japan and philippines

Question 15

where do they call tropical storms cyclones

Answer 15

se asia, aus and africa

Question 16

when was cyclone idai

Answer 16

14-15 march 2019

Question 17

when was cyclone idai

Answer 17

14-15 march 2019

Question 18

where did cyclone idai make landfall and what countries were affected

Answer 18

landfall: beira in mozambique

affected: mozam, zimb, malaw, madag

Question 19

what was cylcone idai’s:
category
wind speed
storm surge
rainfall

Answer 19

catergory: 2
wind speed: 180 km/h
storm surge: 4m
rainfall: 600mm

Question 20

brief description of cyclone idai’s track

Answer 20

formed: near west coast of madagascar in mozambique channel
travelled southwest
landfall in beira
turn north west into zimbabwe

Question 21

6 primary impacts

Answer 21

initial deaths was 1300
90% beira destroyed
3 000 000 affected
17 hospitals destroyed
power lost and roads gone (flood)
agricultural fields destroyed in malawi

Question 22

how can you track tropical storms

Answer 22

satellite photography

Question 23

one proof of heat in uk becoming extreme

Answer 23

2003 in kent - record high. 2000+ died, railways buckled and roads melted
2019 in cambridge - record beaten

Question 24

proof of extreme weather - flood

Answer 24

2013 - 14 , wettest winter in 250 years

Question 26

4 methods of measuring climate change

Answer 26

ice cores shrinking glaciers rising sea level seasonal changes

Question 27

how can you use ice cores to measure temp change and how accurate

Answer 27

drill deep into ice, as it traps carbon molecules. more molecules = warmer very accurate

Question 28

how do you measure temperature change with shrinking glaciers and how effective

Answer 28

satellite images to record changes in size. thinned by 65% since 1975 accurate

Question 29

how can sea level show temp change and how accurate

Answer 29

melting glaciers and thermal expansion rises sea level rose 3.2 mm per year 1993-2015 accurate

Question 30

how can we use seasonal changes to measure temperature change and how accurate

Answer 30

track animal migration, blossoming and weather advancing by 2 days per year not as convincing, hard to track

Question 31

5 natural causes of climate change

Answer 31

precession axial tilt eccentricity solar activity / sun spots volcanic activity

Question 32

describe precession

Answer 32

natural wobble complete cycle takes 26000 years northern norway experiences long days and nights in parts of year

Question 33

describe eccentricity

Answer 33

uneven path of earth rotation not fixed, changes from circular to mildly elliptical every 100 000 years

Question 34

describe axial tilt

Answer 34

angle of tilt changes between two extremes, 21.5 and 24.5 every 41000 years more angled toward the sun, nothern hemisphere warms, where most population is

Question 35

describe how volcanic activity affects climate change

Answer 35

blasts huge quantities of ash, gas and liquids into atmosphere blocks sun, short term reduction in surface temps, “volcanic winter”

Question 36

what is the green house effect

Answer 36

co2 and methane absorb and trap heat

Question 37

what is the enhanced greenhouse effect

Answer 37

acceleration of natural climate change by humans

Question 38

how does deforestation cause climate change

Answer 38

accounts for 20% of emissions. releases carbon stored during photosynthesis

Question 39

three human factors of climate change

Answer 39

fossil fuels deforestation agriculture

Question 40

how does agriculture contribute to greenhouse gases

Answer 40

• accounts for 30% emissions livestock release methane as burps • anaerobic decomposition in paddy rice cultivation accounts for up to 20% total methane human emissions • 75% all nitrous oxide comes from manure and fertilisers

Question 41

whats the word for when you want to say something was man made

Answer 41

anthropogenic

Question 42

what is mitigation

Answer 42

stop climate change from happening

Question 43

what is adaptation

Answer 43

adjustments to our lives and changes take place

Question 44

three mitigation strategies

Answer 44

carbon capture planting trees international agreements

Question 45

how does carbon capture work

Answer 45

• capture co2 from burning fossil fuels • co2 is then compressed & piped • then injected underground for long term storage in geological reservoirs

Question 46

how does planting trees effective mitigation

Answer 46

carbon sink • remove co2 through photosynthesis • release moisture, cloud reduces incoming solar radiation

Question 47

how do international agreements help mitigation

Answer 47

legally binding “paris agreement” 2016 limit temperature increase to 15° above pre industrial levels

Question 48

how does alternative energy sources promote mitigation

Answer 48

hep, wind, solar, nuclear, tide low carbon alternatives by 2030, uk aims to get 65% energy from renewable energy stores

Question 49

two ways we can adapt to climate change

Answer 49

change in agricultural systems managing water supply

Question 50

how can we change agricultural systems to adapt to climate change

Answer 50

• cope with extreme weathers • storing and efficiently irrigating water • drought resistant crops