Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three main types of physical categories in natural hazards?

A
  • Geophysical: involving geological processes
    > earthquakes, volcanoes, landslide
  • atmospheric: involving processes acting in the atmosphere
    > hurricane, tornadoes, tropical storms
  • hydrological: processes involving water
    > flash flooding,
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2
Q

What is the makeup of the earth’s internal structure?

A
  • 6 different layers each with different viscosity and thickness
  • crust, lithosphere, asthenosphere, mantle, outer core, inner core
  • crust is thin and ridged
    > average 30 km thickness
  • mantle is dense and semi-solid
    > able to be split into upper and lower mantle
  • upper mantle is split into lithosphere and asthenosphere
    > asthenosphere is semi-solid
    > lithosphere is rigid
  • centre is the core
    > outer core is liquid, inner core is solid due to pressure
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3
Q

What are the positives of the parks model?

A
  • helps predict resources needed at each stage of
  • if improvements made, will prevent further impacts which reduces vulnerability
  • curve is able to track progress over time
  • able to show the impact on the quality of life due to the hazard
  • shows a measurable change in normalily
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4
Q

what are negative of the parks model?

A
  • assumes the country is at normality
    > doesn’t factor in other events in quick succession
  • LIC may not able to return to normal due to lack of money
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5
Q

what are the positives of hazard management cycle?

A
  • as events keep happening, ongoing mitigation may reduce impacts
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6
Q

what are the negatives of the hazard management cycle?

A
  • less suited to unexpected hazards
  • not able to track progress over time
  • LIC may not be able to afford some stages
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7
Q

what is a disaster?

A

when a hazard seriously effects humans

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8
Q

what is the vulnerability?

A

how susceptible a population is to a hazard

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9
Q

what is risk?

A

the likely hood that humans are effected by a hazard

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10
Q

what are the stages of the Parks Model?

A
  • pre-disaster: normal conditions
  • disruptions: during or directly after disaster
    > steep decrease in quality of life
  • relief: aftermath of the hazard, rescue and minimising further disruptions
    > curve settles out, starts to go back up
  • rehabilitation: once immediate impacts are under control, long term
  • reconstruction: rebuilding from the damages
    > same or improved standard of life
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11
Q

what are the stages of the hazard management cycle?

A
  • preparedness: planning how to respond to the hazard
    > warning systems, education
  • disaster
  • response :how people react when a disaster occurs
    > rescue,
  • recovery: getting area back to normal
    > rebuilding
  • mitigation: minimising impact of future disasters,
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12
Q

what are the responses people can have to hazards?

A
  • fatalism: there is nothing able to be done to avoid the hazard
  • adaptation: adjusting how to life with hazards
  • mitigation: reduce impact of the hazard
  • prediction: predicting when an where the hazard is going to be
  • risk share: reducing the cost of the hazard
    > insurance
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13
Q

what can change a person’s perception to a hazard?

A
  • wealth
  • education
  • experience
  • religion
  • age
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14
Q

what are the economic impacts of a hazard?

A
  • businesses destroyed
    > loss of employment which effects the economy
  • may need to rely on imports
  • cost of repairs/rebuilding
  • agricultural land damaged
    > loss of food
  • insurance premiums increase
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15
Q

what are the social impacts of a hazard?

A
  • death/injuries of people due to hazard
  • destruction of homes/temples
  • breathing problems due to air quality/smoke
  • disease due to lack of sanitation due to contamination of water supply
  • debris blocking evacuation/emergency services
  • lack of food/supplies/energy
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16
Q

what are the political impacts of a hazard

A
  • anger at the government due to lack of supplies
  • criticism of preparedness
  • government spending money on repairs rather than development
17
Q

what are the environmental impacts of a hazard?

A
  • habitats destroyed
  • loss of species
    -soil damage/ eroded
  • air and water pollution
    > due to sewage or salt
  • may be an increase in GHG
  • acid rain
  • leak of chemicals/ radioactive material
18
Q

How are mid-ocean ridges formed?

A
  • the mid ocean ridge forms when the (constructive) diverging plates are under the ocean
  • As the plates move apart, magma rises up to fill the gap and this accumulates over time to become taller and wider
19
Q

How are rift valleys formed?

A
  • rift valley forms when the diverging plates are beneath the land (continental)
  • As the plates move apart, the crust / lithosphere stretches and fractures
  • Areas of crust drop down between faults to create a valley
20
Q

what happens when an oceanic plate meets continental plate? (destructive plate boundary)

A
  • subduction of the dense oceanic plates under continental
    > forms a deep ocean trench
    > at 100km the oceanic plate starts to melt, fully melt at 700km
    > melting zone is called benioff zone
    > melting oceanic plate creates magma which will rise in plumes in the fold mountains (volcano)
  • continental plate is lifted and compressed and forms fold mountains
21
Q

what happens when a oceanic and oceanic plate meets

A
  • one plate which is faster or denser subducts beneath the other
    > forms a deep ocean trench
  • rising magma from the Benioff Zone forms submarine volcanoes along the plate margins which make island arcs
22
Q

what happens when a continental plate meets a continental plate

A

-Two plates of similar density move towards each other
- Neither is dense enough to subduct so the land is pushed upwards
- This forms fold mountains
- Earthquakes are the main hazard at this type of plate boundary
- There is no volcanic activity because there is no subduction

23
Q

what are the hazards at the three types of plate boundaries?

A
  • constructive plate boundary
    > mild and shallow earthquakes
    > volcanic eruptions but tend to less
    explosive
  • destructive plate boundary
    > Friction and pressure build up in the
    Benioff zone causing strong
    earthquakes
    > Volcanic eruptions tend to be explosive
  • conservative plate boundary
    > Plates can stick causing a significant
    build up of pressure and powerful
    earthquakes
24
Q
A