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Geography > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a geophysical hazard?

A

-linked to the movement of earths tectonic plates

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2
Q

Examples of geophysical hazards

A

-earthquakes
-volcanoes
-avalanches
-tsunami

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3
Q

What are Atmospheric hazards?

A

Linked to atmoshperic weather and climate

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4
Q

Examples of atmospheric hazards

A

-heatwaves
-extreme weather
-drought
-hurricane
-tropical storm

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5
Q

What are hydrological hazards?

A

Linked to water and water logging of the land

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6
Q

Examples of biological hazards

A

-covid
-wildfire

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7
Q

What is risk?

A

The exposure of people to a hazardous event presenting a potential threat to themselves, their possessions and the built environment

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8
Q

Why do people put themselves at risk?

A

-cost/ benefit
-lack of alternatives
-changing level of risk
-hazards are unpredictable

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9
Q

What are the costs/ benefits of living nest a hazard ?

A

Due to social, political, economic and cultural people can’t simply uproot themselves from one place and move to another, giving up their home, land and employment

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10
Q

Why are there a lack of alternatives?

A

-there are many hazardous areas that offer advantages that in people’s minds outweigh the risk that they are taking living in that past
-in Californian cities people see that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages of living in the earthquake prone area

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11
Q

Why is there a changing level of risk with hazards?

A

-Places that were once’s relatively safe have become more of a risk.
-deforestation in the Himalayas, for example, could result in more flooding from monsoon rains leading to a greater risk of landslides

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12
Q

What is vulnerability?

A

-the potential for loss
-since losses vary geographically over time among different social groups
-vulnerability therefore varies over time and soace

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13
Q

are some people more vulnerable than others?

A

-people who experience a greater disparity in wealth are more vulnerable to a hazard as they experience a limited lack of resources that could be used in prevention of reducing the risks by doing things such as building earthquake proof buildings in a triangular shape.
-those less wealthy are Alamo more vulnerable after the event has taken place as they rely heavily on financial aid and resources abroad.
-LICS lack educated people in industries such as healthcare

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14
Q

What is perception?

A

The way in which something is regarded understood or interpreted

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15
Q

What is fatalism?

A

-hazards are natural events that are part of living in that area
-some communities believe it’s gods will
-losses are accepted as inevitable and people remain where they are

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16
Q

What is adaptation ?

A

Anticipating the adverse effects and taking appropriate action to prevent or minimise damage they can cause.
-take advantage of opportunities that may arise

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17
Q

What is fear ?

A

-the perception of the hazard is such that people feel so vulnerable to an event that they are no longer able to face living in the area and move away to regions perceived as to be unaffected by the hazard

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18
Q

What is resilience?

A
  • determination of strength of character of community to pull through and counteract the disastrous events that could have human consequences
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19
Q

What is integrated risk management?

A

-set of processes/ practices that allow organisations to properly identify, mitigate and manage risk

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20
Q

What is prediction ?

A

-estimating that a specific thing will happen in the future or will be a consequence of something

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21
Q

What is prevention?

A

-the methods we can put in place as humans to prevent a hazard entirely or some of the negative impacts it might have

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22
Q

What is protection?

A

-the pre-empt method put in place to reduce the risk of hazard when it does inevitability arrive such as boarding up windows and building up earthquake buildings

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23
Q

What is the first stage of the hazard management cycle?

A

Preparedness

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24
Q

What are examples of preparedness?

A

-education and raising public awareness
-knowing what to do in the immediate aftermath to speed up recovery

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25
Q

What is the second stage of the hazard management?

A

Responses

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26
Q

What are some examples of responses?

A

-speed of responses will depend on the effectiveness of the emergency plan put in place
-search and rescue teams
-damage assessments

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27
Q

What is the third stage of the hazard management cycle?

A

Recovery

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28
Q

What are examples of recovery?

A

-restoring the affected area to somewhere near normality
-short one -> restore services
-long term -> construction to pre event levels

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29
Q

What is the last stage of the hazard management cycle?

A

Prevention/ mitigation

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30
Q

Example of mitigation

A

-actions aimed at reducing the severity of the event and lessening its impacts
-building design
-insurance

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31
Q

What does the park model include?

A

-pre disaster
-relief
-rehabilitation
-reconstruction
-return to normal

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32
Q

What does relief include?

A

-hours and days after the event
-search, rescue, care

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33
Q

What does rehabilitation include ?

A

-days and weeks
-temporary housing and services

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34
Q

What does reconstruction include?

A

-weeks and years
-permenant rebuilding
-HIC will see an improvement QOL

35
Q

What did ortelius suggest?

A

-Africa and North America look like they have been torn apart
-he thought this was by floods and earthquakes

36
Q

What did we get suggest?

A

-concept of continental drift after studying fossils and rock types on each side of the Atlantic Ocean

37
Q

What did Marie Tharp suggest?

A

-mid ocean ridges were rift valleys formed by plate motion.

38
Q

What did Harry Hess suggest?

A

-was credited for wegners and Tharp a theory or tectonic movement and continental drift
-lacked geophysical evidence

39
Q

What is paleomagnetism ?

A

-evidence of the earths magnetic field being stored within rocks
-at the time of fossil formation the magnetic mineral with them align themselves with the magnetic field
-the magnetic field reverses around ever 400,000 years

40
Q

How does paleomagnetism support the idea of seafood spreading or plates moving apart

A

Reversals are recorded in rocks on either side of the constrictive plate margin on the mid Atlantic and the symmetry in this magnetic striping provides evidences the plates are moving apart

41
Q

What is the expanding earth theory?

A

-oceans are spreading so they must be getting bigger so the earth must be getting bigger with it
-failed to consider deep ocean trenches where the sea floor is being pulled into the mantle and then destroyed

42
Q

Why is radioactive decay key for
plate movement?

A

-generates exceptional temperatures in the core
-hot spots around the core heat the lower mantle creating convection currents
-rise to the surface before spreading in the asthenosphere, then cooling and sinking again

43
Q

What is ridge push ?

A

Molten magmas rises at the mid oceanic ridge, heating the rocks around and at the ridge the expand and become elevated above the sea floor producing a slope.
As the newly formed rock ages it cools and becomes more dense then gravity caused this older lithosphere to slide away over the asthenosphere

44
Q

What is slab pull?

A

-older denser oceanic lithosphere plates sink into the mantle at subduction zones as the gravity is acting on these plates they pull the newer less dense continental plates into the mantle with them when the plates subduct this pulls other plates apart causing sea floor spread

45
Q

What happens at constructive plate margins?

A

-form chains of submarine mountains that extend across the ocean floor.
-along these “spines” of mountains are breaks called transform faults which cut across the ridges- these faults occur at a right angle to the plate boundary
-the middle of the ridge is a deep rift valley which are widened by magma rising from the asthenosphere and solidifying to form new crust

46
Q

What type of earthquake form at a constructive plate margin?

A

-faults widen at separate fates, causing earthquakes with a shallow focus releasing the tension

47
Q

What type of volcanoes form at a constructive plate margin?

A

-volcanic eruptions along the ridge build up submarine volcanoes, over time they all grow to rise above sea level forming volcanic island

48
Q

What is a rift valley?

A

-formed when the lithosphere stretches causing it to fracture into sets of parallel faults
-the land in between these faults collapses into deep wide valleys which are separated by upright rocks land called horsts

49
Q

What are the stages of the hazard management cycle?

A

1)prevention
2)preparedness
3)Crisis
4)response
5)recovery

50
Q

What is the park model?

A

Plots the quality of life after a natural disaster against the time after it’s occurred

51
Q

What are the 4 phases of the park model?

A

Pre-disaster
Relief
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction

52
Q

Examples of what occurs in relief stage?

A

-search and rescue
-care

This will change in speed and effectiveness in HIC vs LIC

53
Q

What happens during rehabilitation phase?

A

Temporary housing
Services

54
Q

What happens during reconstruction phase?

A

Perminant rebuilding

55
Q

Advantages of park model?

A

-considers wide range of factors that would influence a hazard
-easy to understand
-widely used

56
Q

Disadvantages of the park model?

A

-lack of context
-simplistic -> assumes response is a linear process
-doesn’t consider spatial variation

57
Q

Similarities in HMC and TPM?

A

-both involve proactive stages of hazard management (mitigation and preparation) and reactive stages (response and recovery)
-both optimistic
-both don’t take into account economic status

58
Q

Differences in HMC and TPM?

A

-PM-> lines HMC-> non linear
-HMC more generic
-PM illustrates how QOL can be impacted by hazard

59
Q

Example of constructive plate margin?

A

Eurasian and North American

60
Q

Example of destructive plate margin?

A

Pacific and North American plate

61
Q

Example of conservative plate margin?

A

Pacific and North American (san Andrea’s fault)

62
Q

What can form at constructive plate margin?

A

Sea floor spread
Ocean ridges -> oceanic
Rift valley-> continental and continent

63
Q

What can form a destructive plate margin?

A

Subduction (oceanic and continental) :
-ocean trench
-island arc
-Benidorm zone
-subduction zone
-composite volcano

Collision (continental and continental)
-earthquakes
-fold mountains eg Himalayas

64
Q

What forms at a conservative plate margin?

A

Earthquakes

65
Q

What are hot spots?

A

-radioactive decay with the earth’s core
-if it’s concentrated at one point hot spots form in asthenosphere
-if it remains stationary the plate above it moves forming a chain of active then extinct volcanoes

66
Q

What are magma plumes ?

A

-hot spots heat lower mantle
-create localised thermal currents where magmas rises vertically

67
Q

What is continental crust made out of?

A

-silica and aluminium

68
Q

What is oceanic crust made out of?

A

Silica and magnesium

69
Q

What are the parts of the earth in order

A

Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core

70
Q

Describe asthenosphere?

A

100-700km thick

71
Q

Describe the mantle ?

A

2900km thick
Thick liquid
Denser w depth

72
Q

Describe the core

A

5000 degrees
Iron and nickel
Primeval

73
Q

Describe the inner core

A

Solid
Iron-nickel alloy

74
Q

Describe the outer core

A

Semi-liquid
Iron

75
Q

Describe the plate tectonics theory

A

-tomography-> found weak convection currents aren’t strong enough to move plates
-asthenosphere is too plastic to have enough friction to pull plate above it
-lava added to mid ocean ridge creates new land
-lava doesn’t push plates apart but the tall mountains that form at the ridge cause gravity to pull them down (ridge push->weak)
-destructive plate margin-> plate sinks pulling the rest with it (slab pull)

76
Q

Describe basaltic lava.

A

-low silica (45-55%)
-low viscosity
-eruption are effusive and regular
-temp-> 1000-1200

77
Q

Describe andesitic lava

A

Intermediate viscosity and silica content (55-65%)
Temp->800-1000
Destructive eruptions

78
Q

Describe rhyolitic lava

A

Viscous
High Viscosity and high silica content (65-75%)
Catastrophic eruption
Low temps

79
Q

Why does rhyolytic lava cause catastrophic eruptions?

A

-Magma traps gas and coagulates the vents blocking it
-pressure builds up until sudden release

80
Q

What type of lava is found in a shield volcano?

A

Basaltic

81
Q

What type of lava is found in a composite volcano?

A

Rhyolitic

82
Q

What is erupted from a composite volcano?

A

Lava bombs
Ash
Dust

83
Q

Where do composite volcanoes form?

A

Destructive plate margins

84
Q

Where do composite volcanoes form?

A

Constructive plate margins

Geography (4 decks)

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