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Geography > Changing Places > Flashcards

Changing Places Flashcards

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1
Q

Location definition

A

Where it is on a map: longitude and latitude

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2
Q

Locale definition

A

A series of settings that make up a place
Eg schools homes

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3
Q

Sense of place definition

A

More subjective and refers to feelings we have for a place

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4
Q

Place definition

A

Where someone is brought up, lives and may die
Contains features unique to that person

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5
Q

Perception of place definition

A

The way in which place is viewed or regarded by people

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6
Q

Attachment to place definition

A

The emotional bond between person and place, main concept in environmental psychology.

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7
Q

Placemaking definition

A

Deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate social interaction and improve a community’s quality of life

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8
Q

Localism definition

A

An affection for or emotional ownership of a particular place

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9
Q

Tourist gaze definition

A

Idea that tourist ways of seeing place and people is directed and organised but the tourism industry

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10
Q

Distance place defintion

A

Far off or apart in space. A town 3 miles from here can be distant if u don’t feel connected to it. Far off in time : distant centuries past.

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11
Q

Regionalism definition

A

Consciousness of and loyalty to a distinct region with a population that shares similarities

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12
Q

Nationalism definition

A

Loyalty and devotion to nation, which created a send of national consciousness. Patriotism is an example of sense of place

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13
Q

Identity definition

A

Formed in the relation to other people.
We are aware of who we are through a sense of shared identity with others
Often judges by external and internal characteristics of the person such as class gender

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14
Q

Globalisation definition

A

Increase of trade around the world
Increasing interconnection of the worlds economic, cultural and political systems

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15
Q

Placelessness definition

A

Landscape may be ‘anywhere’ as it lacks uniqueness leads to clone town effect

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16
Q

Clone town definition

A

Settlements where the high street is dominated by chain stores

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17
Q

Homogenised place definition

A

Places that have become distinct from one another through the process of making things uniform or similar.

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18
Q

Globalisation definition

A

Products or services that are distributed globally but which are fashioned to appeal to consumers in local market

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19
Q

Belonging definition

A

To be part of the community

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20
Q

Well being definition

A

State of being comfortable, healthy or happy

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21
Q

Transitional town movement definition

A

Initiative that puts emphasis on community involvement

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22
Q

Near places definition

A

Places located in adjacent settlements and the wider surrounding region .

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23
Q

Far places definition

A

Distant places within a country, or places in other countries often considerable distance away.
Far places can become increasingly near with developments in transport such as aeroplanes

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24
Q

Experienced places definition

A

Places that a person has spent time in

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25
Q

Media places definition

A

World brings us events that are taking
place in another location allowing us to be transported there.

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26
Q

Positionality defintion

A

Stance or positioning of the researcher in relation to the social and political context of the study

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27
Q

Character of place definition

A

Features that collectively give places their unique identities. Aggregation of distinctive elements and one’s familiarity with them over time.

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28
Q

Endogenous factors definition

A

Internal factors that underpin a place
Eg physical site topography, land use and infrastructure

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29
Q

Exogenous factors definition

A

Relationship a place had with external factors
Eg money invested or immigrants moving in

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30
Q

What is genius loci?

A

Spirit of a place. Suggests that every place has a unique spirit or atmosphere.

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31
Q

Examples of exogenous factors

A

People
Money and investment
Resources
ideas

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32
Q

Examples of endogenous factors

A

Land use
Topography
Infrastructure
Demographic characters
Built environment
Location
Economic characteristics

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33
Q

Who suggested attachment to place grows over time ?

A

Yi-Fu as you have experiences in a place.
Experiences have different levels of intensity
Higher intensity and more experiences= greater depth of attachment

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34
Q

What is topophilia?

A

Love of place and strong attachment to it
A place with many intense and positive experiences will become home

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35
Q

Topophonia

A

A hatred for a place or discomfort in it.
Possible to have strong attachment to this place it will just be negative

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36
Q

What is place meaning?

A

Sense of place and character that different people give to a place.
It’s how that place it represented by tourist organisations, corporate bodies

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37
Q

Examples of groups that force change on place meaning?

A
  • Governments
    -TNC’s
    -National organisation
    -individuals
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38
Q

What is rebranding?

A

Processes of which forces of change aim to adapt the place meaning of a location

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39
Q

How can a place be rebranded?

A

-encouraging tourism by promoting endogenous and exogenous characteristics of a place to overcome negative connotations

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40
Q

Who’s involved in rebranding?

A

1) Communities can change place representation through social media campaigns
2). Governments -> Infrastructure improvements
Ect

41
Q

How can people shape a place (exogenous)

A

Impacts of tourists, migrants change quantities of people over time

42
Q

Give an example of people effecting a place?

A

German has around 1.4 million asylum seekers, who integrate into their society

Creating political and social disputes

43
Q

How can resources change a place (exogenous)

A

Availability of raw maters eg food energy

In the uk good transport means a year of bad crops we are able to import food however LICs most likely won’t be able to slowing down their development

44
Q

How does infrastructure change place (endogenous)

A

Built services that enhance place are essential to living conditions eg schools, emergency services

45
Q

How do demographic characteristics change place (endogenous)

A

eh age gender
An ageing population would mean more people retiring and less people in work slowing down the economic development of that area

46
Q

What are insiders ?

A

People who feel at home within a place

47
Q

Characteristics of insiders ?

A

-usually born and hold citizenship in the place
-fluent in the language and conform with idioms
-feeling safe secure and happy in the place

48
Q

What are outsiders?

A

Opposite to insiders and struggle with a sense of belonging in a place -> can change over time

49
Q

What is gentrification?

A

-process of renovation and improvement of housing to suits a middle class audience

50
Q

What can gentrification cause?

A

Insiders feel like outsiders after time.
-entire districts can change and adapt to suit a different audience so they no longer fit in with the culture or class.
-they simply can’t afford the higher house prices

51
Q

What can large scale regeneration projects cause?

A

-changes in place character
-demolition and reconstruction of buildings, investments lead to better QOL
-altering the demographic of the area
-original population feel outsiders

52
Q

What 4 things makes a good place to live?

A

-sociability
-cleanliness
-uses and activity facilities
-access and linkages

53
Q

What is permeability?

A

Insiders are more likely to infiltrate themselves into a place and feel a sense of belonging a lot quicker than outsiders.

54
Q

What happened to permeability as you get richer?

A

More affluent people are more likely to experience permeability as they have the finance to access transport links meaning they can experience more places

55
Q

How does dialect affect a place?

A

Can make people feel more tightly interconnected as you have a sense of community and familiarity.

56
Q

Does dialect help shape a place?

A

Helps provide a richer portrayal of the local culture and gives individuality to that specific place.
Can lead to homogenisation that isn’t structural

57
Q

How does dialect shape perceptions?

A

-Adds to endogenous factors of a place and can create a better or more negative view of a place towards visitors
-some dialects have been perceived as more ‘common’ placing people in a social status and excluding them due to a place they grew up or resided for a long period of time

58
Q

How does dialect represent place ?

A

Helps represent geographical location as we begin to associate certain accents with certain areas.

59
Q

How does dialect change?

A

-Change over generation as words get changed or even invented
-changes across spaces and social groups

60
Q

What is re-imaging?

A

-aims to discard negative perceptions
-generates new positive set of ideas towards a place

61
Q

What is place marketing ?

A

-role of marketing companies to create a positive perception of place
-often commissioned by government

62
Q

What is regeneration?

A

-strategies to improve an area, new infrastructure, refurbishing existing buildings

63
Q

What is time space convergence?

A

-the process of travel time diminishing as technological advancements in transportation and communication bring places closer together.

64
Q

What is the friction effect ?

A

-movement incurs some form of cost, in the form of physical effort, energy, time, and/or the expenditure of other resources, and that these costs are proportional to the distance traveled.

65
Q

What is Gesellschaft?

A

-urban extreme
-every changing nature of large commercial cities

66
Q

What is Gemeinschaft?

A

-Rural extreme
-peasant society is in looking
-idyllic community

67
Q

Rate of change in rural areas with distance from urban settlements?

A

Further from the conurbation smaller towns becomes and less transport links are available less people move into these areas so they remain more original holding history and uniqueness
-ageing populations

68
Q

What is a conurbation?

A

Groups of towns and cities s

69
Q

What is first place?
(Soja)

A

Mapping and compartmentalisation of space
-can be done from a sky scraper

70
Q

What is second space? (Soja)

A

Feeling of a person in combination of a specific place

71
Q

What is third space? (Soja)

A

-concept of how spatially influences humans life
-space we give meaning to

72
Q

What are the 4 agents of change?

A

-Government policies
-Decisions of multinational corporations
-impacts of international or global institutions (WHO)
-local governments or military

73
Q

Example of government polices

A

Regeneration schemes and financial incentives for enterprise zones

IMPACT: attract businesses lead to positive multiplier effect

74
Q

Examples of multinational corporations decisions?

A

2010, Mondelez international closed Cadbury factory near Bristol and moved production to Poland

IMPACT: job losses
Factories converted into houses

75
Q

Examples of impacts caused by international/ global institutions

A

2015-> world bank was running 15 development projects in Haiti

IMPACT: post earthquake there was reconstruction of homes and communities

76
Q

Example of local givernments and military causing change

A

Catherine Garrison has been an economic powerhouse for local community

IMPACT: investment in Richmond shire walk retail park

77
Q

What changes occurred in Coniston Cumbria lakes?

A

-built environment is protected and conserved due to planning regulations
*house prices are higher
*weakened economy
*local population diluted -> loss in original character “gets harder to spot a Cumbrian accent these days”
*council developed affordable housing policy-> 50% of all new housing is affordable

78
Q

Why did the changes in coniston Cumbria lakes occur ?

A

-tourism supported and sustained local economy
-100 volunteers in activities
-average prices of 12 houses sold in 2013 being £308,000 due to high demand for retirement and second homes
*13X more than average in south Lake District

79
Q

What was the impact of the changes in the coniston Cumbria lakes?

A

-35% of houses in the area had “no usual residents”-> 17% rise in over 60s
-young people living with parents effect-> population decreased by 15% since 2001
-local primary schools only using 50% of its capacity

80
Q

What changes have been made to Liverpool?

A

-extensive redevelopment in 2005-2008 on Albert dock
-focused on one shopping centre costing £920 million
-kings dock provides a site for echo area attracting a list of performer events rivalling Manchester

81
Q

What were the reasons for the change in Liverpool?

A

-competition from Manchester
- Dock is now a major tourist attraction due to actions of Merseyside development cooperation

82
Q

What are the impacts of the changes in Liverpool ?

A

-dock attracted 6 million visitors a year
-6.5 million people stay over night per year
-attracts 54 million day visitors a year.

83
Q

What are the changes in Detroit Michigan?

A

-population fallen from 1,850,000 to 713,700
-major economic decline
-automobile industry was hugely successful employing thousands

84
Q

Why did the changes occur in Detroit Michigan ?

A

-automobile industry centred mainly on the globalisation of production
- lack of tax revenue led to further decline in infrastructure and services
-property abandonment due to unemployment lack of services and poverty amongst black population

85
Q

Impacts of the changes occurring in Detroit Michigan?

A

-original success-> city spread outward and wealth brought to population
-decline in car industry-> reduced work needed
-tensions between races
-60% of children in poverty
-40% of street lights don’t work

86
Q

Why was Amsterdam rebranded?

A

-Reputation and international culture centre was damaged due to greater competition from others area
-failed bid to host olympics
-investors put off by drugs and economic decline

87
Q

How was Amsterdam rebranded?

A

“I Amsterdam” clear short memorable 3D letters places outside rijksmuseum
*cities most photographed item (8000 on a sunny day)

88
Q

Who was Amsterdam rebranded for?

A

-tourist who don’t fit the usual tourist type -> shift narrative to more round and stable dynamic of tourists

89
Q

Benefits of Amsterdam rebranding?

A

-imprintation of new identity whilst minting some original integrity of culture
*top 5 European cities in brand strength and culture

90
Q

Why has Plymouth been rebranded ?

A

-To connect Plymouth with its past
-to promote and enhance its image as a cultural hub
-to secure its economic future

91
Q

How has Plymouth been rebranded ?

A

-maritime industries include largest private sector for employers in Devon and Cornwall
-architecture built in Portland limestone provide uniqueness
-natural harbour

92
Q

Who was the rebranding in Plymouth aimed at?

A

-young people who could study and relocate
-investors for creative industries
-local opinions who want their opinion heard by local council

93
Q

Benefits of rebranding in Plymouth?

A

-vibrant city shaped relationship between people and place
-council provided citizens with platform for this voice creating stronger positive lived experiences creating a more inviting environment, improving atmosphere for visitors
-new museum -> new culture district

94
Q

What were the mecca flats in Chicago originally like?

A

-neighbourhood within a building
*home to artists, white collar workers and labourers (mostly Black people)
-

95
Q

How did the Mecca flats undergo urban renewal?

A

-replaced with schools crown hall-> bright slice of modernism
*opposite to the darkness mecca was perceived as

96
Q

Quote describing Mecca?

A

“To touch every note in the life of this block-long block-wide will be to capitalise the gist of black humanity in general”

97
Q

What was Sophia town Johannesburg originally like?

A

-lots of nice and tidy streets

98
Q

How did Sophia town Johannesburg undergo urban renewal?

A

-city located a sewage plant disposal nearby -> white home buyers fled
-black residents found an opportunity in property ownership
-antithesis of what they wanted for the country “all colours living together”

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