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geography revision > Hazardous environments terms > Flashcards

Hazardous environments terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Active volcano

A

A volcano that has had at least one eruption in the last 10,000 years. it might be currently erupting or dormant.

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2
Q

Ash

A

Very small solid particles ejected from a volcano during an eruption (2mm).

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3
Q

Asthenosphere

A

The upper part of the Earth’s mantle, where the rocks are more fluid.

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4
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

The pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere(low or high).

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5
Q

Collision PB

A

A tectonic margin at which two continental plate come together.

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6
Q

Composite volcano

A
  • A cone-shaped volcano with violent eruptions.
  • Found at destructive plate boundaries
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7
Q

Conservative PB

A

A tectonic margin where two plates slide past each other.

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8
Q

Constructive PB

A

A tectonic margin where rising magma adds new material to the crust.

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9
Q

Continental curst

A

The part of the crust dominateed by less dense granitic rocks.

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10
Q

Convection currents

A

Circulating movements of magma in the mantle caused by heat from the core.

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11
Q

Convergent PB

A

When two plates move towards each other e.g. destructive, collision.

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12
Q

Core

A

The central part of the Earth, mostly composed of iron and nickel

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13
Q

Coriolis effect/force

A

An effect which deflects moving objects to the right in the northern himisphere and to the left in the southern.

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14
Q

Destructive PB

A

Tectonic plate margins where an oceanic plate is subducted

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15
Q

Divergent PB

A

Two plates moving apart from each other e.g. constructive plate margin.

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16
Q

Earthquakes

A

A sudden violent shaking of the ground as a result of earth movement.

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17
Q

Emergency aid

A

Help and aid provided to an area to prevent immediate loss of life because of shortages of basics, such as water, food and shelter.

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18
Q

Epicentre

A

The centre of an earthquake on the surface of the Earth.

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19
Q

Evacuation

A

The removal of people, generally in an attempt to avoid a disaster.

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20
Q

Extinct volcano

A

A volcano that will not erupt again, perhaps because the hotspot has moved.

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21
Q

Fold mountains

A

Are formed from sedimentary rock when two plates converge the land is buckled upwards and the rock folded into mountains.

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22
Q

Focus

A

The centre of the earthquake within the Earth

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23
Q

GIS

A

Geographic information Systmes allow the layering of data to find correlations.

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24
Q

Hazard mapping

A

Mapping areas that are affected by or vulnerable to a hazard, to plan/prepare.

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25
Q

Hotspots

A

Volcanic islands formed from plumes of magma rising through a weak crust away from a plate boundary.

26
Q

Humid

A

A high levelof water vapour in the atmosphere

27
Q

Infrastructure

A

The physical structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies)

28
Q

Lahars

A

A destructive mudflow on te slopes of a volcano.

29
Q

Landslides

A

A collapse of a mass of earth or rock from a mountain or cliff.

30
Q

Lava flows

A

Hot molten or semi-fluid rock erupted from a volcano moving downslope.

31
Q

Magma

A

Hot fluid or semi-fluid material below the earth’s crust in the mantle.

32
Q

Mitigation

A

Altering building design to reduce the impact of a natural disaster

33
Q

Oceanic crust

A

The part of the crust dominated by denser basaltic rocks.

34
Q

Oceanic ridge

A

An underwater mountain range formed by ridge rush at constructive margins.

35
Q

Ocean trench

A

An underwater narrow depression into the sea floor (destructive plate boundaries)

36
Q

Paleo magnetism

A

Magnetism in rocks, induced by the earth’s magnetic fiedl at the time of formation.

37
Q

Plate boundaries

A

The margin between two tectonic plates

38
Q

Prediction

A

Forecasting future changes

39
Q

Preparation

A

The process of getting ready for an event

40
Q

Primary waves

A

Seismic waves that travel fast to the earth’s surface but do little damage.

41
Q

Pyroclastic flow

A

A fast moving cloud of super-heated rock, ash, dust and gas that is deadly

42
Q

Radioactive decay

A

The process tha occurred at the creation of the Earth

43
Q

Remote sensing

A

The scanning of the earth bu satellite or high-flying aircraft to obtain info about it.

44
Q

Richter scale

A

The system used to measure earthquake magnitude/strength

45
Q

Response

A

The way in which people react to a situation

46
Q

Ridge push

A

The motion of magma ascending at the surface, uplifting plates at their edges.

47
Q

Risk assessment

A

A systematic process evaluating potentioal risks involved in an activity

48
Q

Secondary waves

A

Transverse waves that reach the earth’s surface second - cause significant damage

49
Q

Seismic

A

Relating the earthquakes or other vibrations in the earth’s crust.

50
Q

Seismograph

A

The machine used to measure earthquake intensity

51
Q

Shield volcano

A

A shallow-sided volcano with regular, gentle eruptions

52
Q

Slab pull

A

The downwards movement of oceanic crust at destructive boundaries which drag the rest of the plate behind it.

53
Q

Soil erosion

A

The removal of soil by processes caused as water and wind motion

54
Q

Storm surge

A

High sea level causing flooding due to storm which has high winds.

55
Q

Subduction

A

The process which one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate and sinks into the mantle as the plates converge.

56
Q

Tectonic hazards

A

Threats posed b earthquakes, volcanoes and other crustal processes.

57
Q

Tephra

A

Fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption

58
Q

Tropical cyclones

A

Also called hurricanes (Atlantic ocean) and typhoos (Eastern Pacific ocean)

59
Q

Volcanoes

A

A mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lave, rock gragments, hot vapourm and gas are or have been erupted from the earth’s crust.

60
Q

VEI

A

The measure of how severe a volcanic eruption is (Volcanic Explosivity Index)

61
Q

Wind shear

A

Variation in wind velocity occurring along a direction at right angles to the wind’s direction and tending to exert a turning force.

geography revision (5 decks)

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