Hazardous environments

Question 1

what is a hazard

Answer 1

event which has potential to cause harm to environment, people or economy

Question 2

magnitude

Answer 2

strength of an event

Question 3

frequency

Answer 3

how often an event occurs

Question 4

size

Answer 4

the area covered by hazard

Question 5

duration

Answer 5

time a hazard event lasts

Question 6

location

Answer 6

where a hazard event occurs

Question 7

what are tropical cyclones

Answer 7

rotating, low pressure systems

Question 8

characteristics of cyclones

Answer 8

• heavy rainfall
• high wind speeds
• high waves and storm surges

Question 9

what is magnitude of cyclones measured by

Answer 9

Saffir- simpson scale
1-5

Question 10

where do tropical cyclones develop

Answer 10

between 5 and 30 degrees south and north of equator

Question 11

what is an earthquake

Answer 11

sudden, violent shaking of the ground

Question 12

why do earthquakes occur

Answer 12

pressure building when tectonic plates move

Question 13

epicentre

Answer 13

point on earths surface directly above focus

Question 14

focus

Answer 14

point at which earthquakes starts below earths surface

Question 15

how is magnitude of earthquakes measure

Answer 15

Richter scale or moment magnitude scale

Question 16

damage of earthquakes measured by

Answer 16

Mercalli scale

Question 17

what is a volcano

Answer 17

when magma erupts on earth surface as lava

Question 18

where do volcanoes occur

Answer 18

at constructive and destructive plate boundaries

Question 19

where are most active volcanoes located

Answer 19

ring of fire

Question 20

what ae hotspots

Answer 20

plumes of magma escaping through earths crust

Question 21

what is magntitude of volcanic euroption measured by

Answer 21

Volcanic explosivity index

Question 22

causues of tropical cyclone hazards

Answer 22

• low pressure (less than 950mb)
• sea surface temp over 27
• between 5 and 20
• low wind shear
• deep layer of humid air

Question 23

coriolis force

Answer 23

force created by rotation of earth

Question 24

features of tropical cyclone

Answer 24

• heavy rainfall
• high wind speeds
• storm surges
• calm eye
• highest wind and rain at eye
• diameter upto 800km

Question 25

types of plate boundaries

Answer 25

- constructive - destructive - collision - conservative

Question 26

constructive plate

Answer 26

plates move apart

Question 27

what occurs at constructive plate

Answer 27

volcanic and earthquakes

Question 28

destructive plate

Answer 28

- the plates move together - denser plate subducts under less dense plate

Question 29

what occurs at destrcutive plates

Answer 29

volcanic and earthquakes

Question 30

collision boundary

Answer 30

two plates of similar move towards each other so land is pushed upwar

Question 31

what does collision boundary form

Answer 31

fold mountains

Question 32

consevative boundary

Answer 32

plates move past each other in opposite directions creating friction

Question 33

what happens at conservative boundary

Answer 33

eathquakes

Question 34

volcanoes at constructive boundaries

Answer 34

- occurs under the sea - lava escapes through gap - lava cools and hardens creating a new crust

Question 35

type of volcanoes at constructive boundaries

Answer 35

- lava is runny and less explosive - shield volcanoes

Question 36

Volcanoes at Destructive Boundaries

Answer 36

- in subduction zone, it causes friction - causes heat and plate material melts which forms magma - magma rises to surface through cracks in crust - cooling lava and ash build up forming a volcano

Question 37

type of volcanoes at destructive boundaries

Answer 37

- sticky lava and explosive eruptions - forms composite or stratovolcanoes

Question 38

primary hazards of volcanoes

Answer 38

- pyroclastic flow - lava flow - gas emissions - volcanic bombs

Question 39

secondary hazards of volcanic eruption

Answer 39

- lahars - acidification - landslides - climate change - fire - floods

Question 40

at which plate are earthquakes weaker and why

Answer 40

constructive because plates are moving apart

Question 41

primary hazards of earthquakes

Answer 41

- collapse of infrastructure - landslides - gas leaks - fires - soil liquifaction - subsidence - mud flows - tsunamis

Question 42

earthquake sequence

Answer 42

- pressure builds up - plates jolt free and pressure is released as energy - the point at which the earthquake starts is the focus - energy passes through earth's crust as waves

Question 43

reaons why humans live in hazardous areas

Answer 43

- lack of education - advantages of livng in the area outweighs disadvanatges - too poor - has connections to area

Question 44

list 4 economic factors which affects vulnerbility to a hazard

Answer 44

- wealth and level of development - insurance - buildings - technology

Question 45

2 social factors which affect vunerability

Answer 45

population density - education

Question 46

2 physical factors which affect vulnerability

Answer 46

- global location - physical environment

Question 47

what helps predict earthquakes

Answer 47

- tiltmeters - clusters of small earthquales - radon gas emissions - remote sensing of ground movement

Question 48

what are ways countries can prepare for earthquakes

Answer 48

- building designs - earthquake drills - emergency planning

Question 49

what are types of building designs for earthquakes

Answer 49

- shutters on windows - deep foudnations - rubber shock absorbers

Question 50

what can remote sensing help with

Answer 50

changes in ground movement

Question 51

what does GIS help with

Answer 51

- vulnerable areas - land use - infrastructure such as roads

Question 52

short term responses to earthquakes

Answer 52

- searching collapsed buildings - medical assistance - distribuition of food and water - people shelter - clearing rubble

Question 53

long term responses to earthquakes

Answer 53

- risk assessment - hazard mapping

Question 54

risk defenition

Answer 54

probability that a hazard will have harmful consequences

Question 55

hazard mapping

Answer 55

- maps areas where earthquakes are more likely to occur