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IGCSE Geography > Hazardous environments > Flashcards

Hazardous environments Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a hazard

A

event which has potential to cause harm to environment, people or economy

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2
Q

magnitude

A

strength of an event

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3
Q

frequency

A

how often an event occurs

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4
Q

size

A

the area covered by hazard

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5
Q

duration

A

time a hazard event lasts

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6
Q

location

A

where a hazard event occurs

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7
Q

what are tropical cyclones

A

rotating, low pressure systems

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8
Q

characteristics of cyclones

A
  • heavy rainfall
  • high wind speeds
  • high waves and storm surges
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9
Q

what is magnitude of cyclones measured by

A

Saffir- simpson scale
1-5

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10
Q

where do tropical cyclones develop

A

between 5 and 30 degrees south and north of equator

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11
Q

what is an earthquake

A

sudden, violent shaking of the ground

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12
Q

why do earthquakes occur

A

pressure building when tectonic plates move

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13
Q

epicentre

A

point on earths surface directly above focus

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14
Q

focus

A

point at which earthquakes starts below earths surface

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15
Q

how is magnitude of earthquakes measure

A

Richter scale or moment magnitude scale

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16
Q

damage of earthquakes measured by

A

Mercalli scale

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17
Q

what is a volcano

A

when magma erupts on earth surface as lava

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18
Q

where do volcanoes occur

A

at constructive and destructive plate boundaries

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19
Q

where are most active volcanoes located

A

ring of fire

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20
Q

what ae hotspots

A

plumes of magma escaping through earths crust

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21
Q

what is magntitude of volcanic euroption measured by

A

Volcanic explosivity index

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22
Q

causues of tropical cyclone hazards

A
  • low pressure (less than 950mb)
  • sea surface temp over 27
  • between 5 and 20
  • low wind shear
  • deep layer of humid air
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23
Q

coriolis force

A

force created by rotation of earth

24
Q

features of tropical cyclone

A
  • heavy rainfall
  • high wind speeds
  • storm surges
  • calm eye
  • highest wind and rain at eye
  • diameter upto 800km
25
Q

types of plate boundaries

A
  • constructive
  • destructive
  • collision
  • conservative
26
Q

constructive plate

A

plates move apart

27
Q

what occurs at constructive plate

A

volcanic and earthquakes

28
Q

destructive plate

A
  • the plates move together
  • denser plate subducts under less dense plate
29
Q

what occurs at destrcutive plates

A

volcanic and earthquakes

30
Q

collision boundary

A

two plates of similar move towards each other so land is pushed upwar

31
Q

what does collision boundary form

A

fold mountains

32
Q

consevative boundary

A

plates move past each other in opposite directions creating friction

33
Q

what happens at conservative boundary

A

eathquakes

34
Q

volcanoes at constructive boundaries

A
  • occurs under the sea
  • lava escapes through gap
  • lava cools and hardens creating a new crust
35
Q

type of volcanoes at constructive boundaries

A
  • lava is runny and less explosive
  • shield volcanoes
36
Q

Volcanoes at Destructive Boundaries

A
  • in subduction zone, it causes friction
  • causes heat and plate material melts which forms magma
  • magma rises to surface through cracks in crust
  • cooling lava and ash build up forming a volcano
37
Q

type of volcanoes at destructive boundaries

A
  • sticky lava and explosive eruptions
  • forms composite or stratovolcanoes
38
Q

primary hazards of volcanoes

A
  • pyroclastic flow
  • lava flow
  • gas emissions
  • volcanic bombs
39
Q

secondary hazards of volcanic eruption

A
  • lahars
  • acidification
  • landslides
  • climate change
  • fire
  • floods
40
Q

at which plate are earthquakes weaker and why

A

constructive because plates are moving apart

41
Q

primary hazards of earthquakes

A
  • collapse of infrastructure
  • landslides
  • gas leaks
  • fires
  • soil liquifaction
  • subsidence
  • mud flows
  • tsunamis
42
Q

earthquake sequence

A
  • pressure builds up
  • plates jolt free and pressure is released as energy
  • the point at which the earthquake starts is the focus
  • energy passes through earth’s crust as waves
43
Q

reaons why humans live in hazardous areas

A
  • lack of education
  • advantages of livng in the area outweighs disadvanatges
  • too poor
  • has connections to area
44
Q

list 4 economic factors which affects vulnerbility to a hazard

A
  • wealth and level of development
  • insurance
  • buildings
  • technology
45
Q

2 social factors which affect vunerability

A

population density
- education

46
Q

2 physical factors which affect vulnerability

A
  • global location
  • physical environment
47
Q

what helps predict earthquakes

A
  • tiltmeters
  • clusters of small earthquales
  • radon gas emissions
  • remote sensing of ground movement
48
Q

what are ways countries can prepare for earthquakes

A
  • building designs
  • earthquake drills
  • emergency planning
49
Q

what are types of building designs for earthquakes

A
  • shutters on windows
  • deep foudnations
  • rubber shock absorbers
50
Q

what can remote sensing help with

A

changes in ground movement

51
Q

what does GIS help with

A
  • vulnerable areas
  • land use
  • infrastructure such as roads
52
Q

short term responses to earthquakes

A
  • searching collapsed buildings
  • medical assistance
  • distribuition of food and water
  • people shelter
  • clearing rubble
53
Q

long term responses to earthquakes

A
  • risk assessment
  • hazard mapping
54
Q

risk defenition

A

probability that a hazard will have harmful consequences

55
Q

hazard mapping

A
  • maps areas where earthquakes are more likely to occur

IGCSE Geography (3 decks)

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