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Hazardous Earth Flashcards

1
Q

Low pressure [3]:

A

-depression
-low air rises
-bad weather

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2
Q

High pressure [3]

A

-anticyclone
-cold air sinks
-good weather

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3
Q

Atmosphere

A

The envelope of air containing different gases surrounding earth or another plant

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4
Q

Climate

A

The average weather in an area over a period of time

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5
Q

Atmospheric circulation

A

Large scale movement of air bye which heat is distributed on the surface of the earth

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6
Q

Land heats up and cools…

A

Quickly

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7
Q

Sea….. to heat up and cool

A

Takes time

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8
Q

Ocean currents

A

Transport warm water and precipitation from the equator towards the poles and cold water from the poles to the tropics

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9
Q

The three cells from equator up/down

A

Hadley cell, Ferrell cell, polar cell

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10
Q

Natural climate change causes [3]:

A

-changes in solar output
-volcanic emissions
-orbital theory

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11
Q

Evidence of climate change [3]:

A

-ice cores
-historical record
-tree rings (dendrochronology)

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12
Q

Volcanic theory [3]:

A

-volcano produce ash and sulphur dioxide gas
-If ash is high enough it can spread around stratosphere due to high level winds
-this blocks sunlight from coming causing the temperature to decrease

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13
Q

Sunspot theory [4]:

A

-<2000 years ago Chinese astronomers started to record sunspots
-the sun can have many spots, sometimes they may disappear
-sunspots tell us the sun is more active
-cooler periods little ice age, and warmer periods, medieval warm period, may have been caused by sunspot theory

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14
Q

Orbital theory [3]:

A

-the earths orbit is sometimes circular and more of an oval
-the earths axis tilts sometimes more upright sometimes to the side
-the earths axis wobbles like a spinning top

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15
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

The way gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun the gases act like glass in a greenhouse, they let heat in but prevent most of it from getting out

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16
Q

Human causes on the enhanced greenhouse effect[4]:

A

-transport
-deforestation
-livestock farming
-energy production

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17
Q

Transport

A

More CRS etc cause more co2 emissions

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18
Q

Deforestation

A

Cutting trees means increase in CO2 because less photosynthesis will occur

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19
Q

Livestock farming [2]:

A

-More cows mean more methane
-trees Ned to be cut for more farmland

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20
Q

Energy production

A

Burning fuels release greenhouse gases when releasing energy

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21
Q

Storms [3]:

A

-cyclone
- hurricane
-typhoon

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22
Q

Forming tropical storms [4]:

A

-the warm ocean (26.5) heats the air above
-rising warm air evaporates and starts to spin
-the air then cools ad condenses to form a towering cumulonimbus cloud
-intense low pressure sucks i aie,causing very strong winds

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23
Q

Coriolis effect

A

The result of the earths rotation on weather patterns and ocean currents making storm swirls clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and anti-clockwise in the northern hemisphere

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24
Q

Typhoon Haiyan [characteristics] [5]

A

-2013
-313km/h winds
-281.9mm rainfall
-7m waves
-category 6

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25
Typhoon Haiyan [social impacts] [6]
- 1 million homes damages -looting -1.9 million homeless -33k bags of rice stolen -3 million displaced -6k deaths
26
Typhoon Haiyan [environmental impacts] [4]
-disease outbreak -loss of trees -> rising CO2 -floods -> knock over power barge -71k acers of farmland affected
27
Typhoon Haiyan [economic impacts] [3]
- lots of money spent on rebuilding - $5.8 billion - 61 million lost source of income
28
Typhoon Haiyan [preparation] [3]
-minimal investment in planning, protection and prediction - 7Nov a warning was sent out - military deployed planes to areas thought to be affected more
29
Typhoon Haiyan [responses] [3]
- 2013 Tacloban residents did most of rebuilding - severe infrastructure damaged slowed relief effort -WHO coordinated an international response to help
30
hurricane katrina [characteristics] [2]
-category 3 -6m surge
31
hurricane Katrina [social impacts] [2]
-230,000 jobs lost -1800 deaths
32
hurricane Katrina [environmental impacts] [2]
-water polluted -oil facilities damaged
33
hurricane Katrina [economic impacts] [2]
- $300 billion -oil facilities damaged
34
hurricane Katrina [preparation and prediction] [4]
-80% evacuated -stockpiled supplies -emergency services always on standby -sophisticated monitoring system
35
hurricane Katrina [responses] [5]
- homeless families in sports stadiums - looting was common - flood defence failed - helicopters were provided -racism
36
Lithosphere
Top layer of mantle and bottom of the crust
37
Asthenosphere
Upper part of mantle
38
Oceanic crust [5 ]
-basaltic rock -thinner -younger -can sink -can be destroyed
39
Continental crust[5]
-granite rock -thicker -older -cannot sink -cannot be destroyed
40
Tectonic movement [3]
-mama heated by core , hot magma rises to the crust -as it begins to cool it moves away and movs the crust along with it -magma will sink back creating a convection current
41
Divergent plate boundary [2]
-plates move away -oceanic crust formed from magma from mantle
42
Convergent plate boundary
-two plate collide
43
Conservative plate boundary
Slide across each other
44
Divergent plate boundary question [4]
-move apart from each other -magma solidifies and forms ocean crust -small earthquakes and volcanoes -N.American plate and Eurasian plate
45
Convergent plat boundary question [4]
-move towards each other [ocean sinks as less dense into aesthenosphere] [subduction] -Nazca plate subducts under the S.American plate -earthquakes, volcanic activity and underwater trenches -Two continental plates create fold mountains causin major earthquakes
46
Conservative plat boundaries [3]
-slide past each other -N.American and Caribbean plate -friction can cause earthquake
47
Volcano types [2]
-shield -composite
48
Composite volcanos [6]
-convergent plate boundary -narrow base and tall -i=viscous shorter travelling andesitic lava -infrequent but violent -alternative layers of lava and ash -mt st helen [usa]
49
Shield volcanos [6]
-divergent plate boundary -low, gentle slopes -basaltic lava -runny lava , pour out -frequent and gentle -mt Kilduea Hawaii
50
Formation of shield volcanos [7]
-found in divergent plate boundaries -two plate boundaries pull apart from each other -low with gentle sloping sides -formed by eruptions with basaltic lava which is runny and thin -frequent and gentle erruptions -low viscosity travelling large distances -mount kilduea in Hawaii
51
Formation of composite volcanoes [8]
-fount ur convergent plate boundaries -dense oceanic plate subducts under continental plate -melting of plate occurs in subduction zone and a pool of magma forms -magma rose and pressure is released in an eruption -pyroclastic flow rather than a a lava flow, mixture of steam, ash, lava and dirt -alternating layers of lava and ash -andeseitic lava is viscous, travels short distances -mount St. Helens in the USA
52
How earthquakes occur [3]
-rub against each other causing friction and get stuck -builds up pressure and stress -release and jerk sending S waves shocking the earth
53
Earthquake Haiti characteristics [3]
-Haiti , Port au Prince -N.American and Caribbean plat -12 January 2010
54
Earthquake Haiti social impacts [3]
-316000 deaths -300000 injured -1million house
55
Earthquake Haiti economic impact [2]
-factories were 60% of haitis imports -job loss due to businesses shutting down
56
Earthquake Haiti environmental impacts[2]
-spread of cholera 8000 deaths -water systems contaminated
57
Earthquake Haiti responses [3]
-rescue teams arrives in 48 hours -3/4 buildings repaired -235,000 relocated people
58
Earthquake Japan characteristics [3]
—tohoku japan -9.0 magnitude -Eurasian and pacific plate
59
Earthquake Haiti social impacts
—15900 deaths -2600 missing
60
Earthquake Haiti economic impacts
-$23billion damage
61
Earthquake Haiti environmental [2]
-tsunami -dam burst
62
Earthquake Haiti response [3]
-quick response fro rescue team -army built temporary shelters -global aid
63
Earthquake Haiti planning
New buildings built
64
Ice cores
Scientists use bubbles captured within ice to study gas composition
65
Dendrology tree rings
Since trees are sensitive to climates scientists have an idea of previous climates by simply observing
66
Hisorical records
Pictures or journal accounts
67
answering graph questions [3]
-trends -figures -anomalies

Geography (4 decks)

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