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Geography > Hazardous earth > Flashcards

Hazardous earth Flashcards

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1
Q

Oceanic vs continental crust

A

continental froms on land and is mostly made out of granite which is a low density igneuous rock it is also much thicker.

Oceanic crust-forms under the ocean. it is much thinner and is much denser. Formed out of the igneous rock basalt

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2
Q

What are the different layers of the earth in order

A

lithosphere(consists of crust), mantle(asthenosphere then lower mantle), outer core,inner core

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3
Q

Explain the properties of the asthenosphere

A

partially molten and 900-1600 temp

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4
Q

Explain the properties of the lower mantle

A

solid and 1600-4000 temp

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5
Q

Explain the properties of the outer core

A

liquid iron and nickle 4000-5000

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6
Q

Explain the properties of the inner core

A

solid iron and around 5200 temp

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7
Q

Destructive plate boundary

A
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8
Q

Collision plate boundaries

A
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9
Q

Divergant plate boundary

A
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10
Q

Conservative plate boundary

A
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11
Q

Explain convection currents

A

causes plates to move

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12
Q

What are plumes?

A

part of convection current where the heat is rising. Concentrated zone of heat where the crust is weakened and volcanoes can occur.

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13
Q

What is the evidence for continental drift?

A

fossil evidence and places like india looking like they were once part of a larger body of land

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14
Q

What is subduction?

A

denser oceanic crsut sinks below continental crust at a convergent plate boundary. THhe subducted crust melts and new crust is formed at divergent plate boundaries which means the age of the crust varies greatly.

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15
Q

What are tectonic hazards?

A

natural hazards caused by the movement of the earths plates that effect people and property

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16
Q

Explain the features of a volcano

A
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17
Q

Composite volcanoes

A
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18
Q

Shield volcanoes

A
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19
Q

What do the richter scale and volcanic scale go up in?

A

time by 10 each time

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20
Q

What is the volcanic explosivity index?

A

measures the explosivity of volcanic eruptions on a scale of 1-8. It looks at the level of material ejected by the volcano and the scale is logarithmic

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21
Q

Explain a map of an earthquake

A
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22
Q

What is the Richter scale?

A

The strength or magnitude of an earthquake is measured using the Richter scale. The Richtor scale is numbered 0-10. It is a logarithmic scale..

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23
Q

Explain the process of an earthquake

A
  1. movement of the earth’s tectonic plates
  2. concentrated along fault lines(fractures in earths crust)
  3. Friction builds up along plate boundaries as they move against eachother until finally the energy is released
  4. This energy is sent out as seismic waves
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24
Q

How can earthquakes be protected against?

A

building designs and early warning systems.

25
Q

What is a tsunami?

A

earthquakes beneath the sea bed can generate tsunami waves that aproach the coast and get bigger as the friction slows them down(shallow water)

26
Q

How are tsunamis formed?

A
27
Q

How is the suns energy concentrated?

A

mostly at equator and least concentrated at the poles. This is because it strikes the equator directly but at a low angle. This differenc in energy os redistributed by air pressure differences and ocean currents. This makes the world habitable.

28
Q

What is the global atmospheric circulation

A
29
Q

What is the hadley cell

A

warm air rises at the equator creating low pressure, this air goes outwards and then sinks creating high pressure

30
Q

What is the ferrel cell

A

sinked air from hadley cell goes more outwards to 60 rather than 30 and then heats up and rises where it goes back to 30 and sinks again

31
Q

What does the polar cell do

A

Low pressure air at 60 travels towards the poles(90) where it sinks(high pressure), This air then travels back along the surface to 60

32
Q

What are ocean currents

A

They redistribute warm water around the equator the poles and vice versa. A good example is the Gulf stream which warms up the UK from across the atlantic in the Gulf of mexico. Parts of Canada colder but more south.

33
Q

Explain air pressure

A

at the surface, air travels from high pressure to low pressure. This is because low preessure air rises and high pressure air sinks. As the low pressure air rises the sinking air rushes to fill the the gaps. This movement of air creates wind and spreads heat across the surface

34
Q

High pressure

A

no cloud formation and calm

35
Q

low pressure

A

wind, precipitation and clouds

36
Q

What is the ITCZ?

A

Inter-tropical convergance zone. The name for where 2 hadley cells meet. High rainfall caused by low pressure. It moves around to follow the most direct energy from the sun.

37
Q

Enhanced greenhouse effect

A

Humans causing more greenhouse gasses to be added to the atmosphere than natural

38
Q

Climate graphs

A

average precipitation and temp for each month in a year for a location.

line graph=temp

bar graph=precipitation

39
Q

What is the evidence for past climate change

A

Ice cores – contains bubbles of the atmosphere trapped up to 400,000 years ago. We can see the CO2 concentrations and infer the temperature. Long term evidence but only from areas where there is ice.

Tree rings – the rings on a tree represent a year of growth. The thickness of the ring can tell us a lot about the climate. Thicker rings mean better growing conditions (warmer and wetter) detailed but shorter term

Historical sources- historical paintings and diary records can give us insights about the past climates however these can be subjective and not always reliable.

40
Q

what wind speeds in mph isa hurricane?

A

74mph

41
Q

Where do tropical cyclones develop?

A

large, still warm ocean with a surface temp above 26.5 degrees over long periods. Form in late summer.

Strong winds in troposphere around 10-12km above the earths surface

A strong force created by the eraths rotation called corriolis force

do not form near the equator. Between 5 and 30 degrees latitude

42
Q

Map

A
43
Q

What scale is used to measure tropical cyclones?

A

saffir simpson scale

44
Q

What hazards do tropical cyclones bring?

A

strong winds

storm surges

coastal flooding

intense rainfall

landslides

45
Q

Describe the process of a tropical cyclone forming

A
  1. warm air currents rise from the ocean, as it rises more air rushes to replace it
  2. updraughts of air contain huge volumes of water vapour from the oceans which condense to produce cumolonimbus clouds
  3. coriolis force causes rising currents of air ti spiral around the centre of the tropical cyclone so it resembles a whirling cylinder. Some of it descends to form the clear, still and cloudless eye of the storm
  4. as it tracks away from its source it is fed new heat and moisture which makes it more powerfull
  5. Once it reaches a landmass it loses its energy source from the ocean. Air pressure rises as temperature falls. Winds drop, rainfall decreases and it decays to become a more storm
46
Q

What was the size, date and location of the Japanese earthquake?

A

March 11 2011

9 magnitude earthquake

off the east coast of Japan

47
Q

What were some of the long and short term impacts on people for the Japanese earthquake?

A

short:

15,894 people died

332,395 buildings were damaged

4.4 million households left with no electricity

long:

economy(cost 235 billionUSD)

Japans transport network suffor huge disruptions

tsunami

48
Q

What were some of the short and long term environmental impacts of the Japan earthquake?

A

short:

land fall

tsunami that was 40m high

800 earthquakes of 4.5 or more were recorded following the main one

long:

plate shifts(pacific plate shifted 20 to 40 metres west)

250 mile stretch of coast dropped by 0.6(bad for stopping the tsunami)

land movement

49
Q

What are some of the preperations for earthquakes in Japan and strategies?

A

rescue services and healthcare

shelter and rebuilding

tsunami barriers and international aid

earthquake prediction

earthquake proofing the buildings

warning systems

50
Q

What was the size, date and location of the Haiti earthquake

A

12th of january 25km from the capital with a magnitude of 7

51
Q

What were some of the short and long term effects for the Haiti earthquake?

A

230,00 deaths

250,000 dwellings destroyed

8 hospitals and presidential palace destroyed

disease and cholera outbreak due to poor sanitation

1 in 5 lost their jobs

people emigrating out of the country

52
Q

responses to the Haiti earthquake

A

damaged port so slow

USA sent rescue team and 10,000 troops

bottled water and purification tablets provided

UK government donated 20 million pounds

Haiti became dependant on overseas aid from China and other countries

new homes built new airport built

53
Q

When where and what magnitude was Hurricane katrina?

A

magnitude 5 that weakened to 3 at landfall in New Orleans and coastal Loisiana in august 2005.

54
Q

What were the impacts of hurricane Katrina?

A

1,800 died

300,00 homes destroyed

300 billion USD of damage

tourism decreased

80 percent of New Orleans flooded

so crops destroyed

habitats destroyed

55
Q

What were the responses

A

criticism

50 billion USD in aid was given by the government

UK sent food aid

national guard mobilised to restore law and order

56
Q

When where and of what magnitude was cyclone aila?

A

Bay of bengal on 25th may 2009

57
Q

What were some of the impacts of cyclone Aila?

A

190 people died

750,000 made homeless

crops flooded with salty water which killed the crops

by mid 2010 200,000 people still living in temporary shacks

loss of 59,00 animals

sickness and typhoid were problems

58
Q

What were the responses of cyclone aila?

A
59
Q

What were the responses of cyclone Aila?

A

weather forcasting(bad as not many people had access to broadcasts) did not change too much

satellite tech, did not have it prior but announced it was going to spend 150 million USD on developing their satellite technology(expensive)

warning systems increased with campaigns and posters and leaflets and film and volunteers

Evacuation strategies improved such as shelters built in coastal districts

Geography (6 decks)

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