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Geography > Hazard environments > Flashcards

Hazard environments Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four main types of hazards?

A

Geological, biological, climatic and technological.

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2
Q

Name 3 geological hazards

A

Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides

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3
Q

Name 3 biological hazards

A

Pests, diseases, fires

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4
Q

Name 3 climatic hazards

A

Storms, floods, droughts

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5
Q

Name 3 technological hazards

A

Nuclear explosions, transport accidents, pollution

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6
Q

What are the conditions needed for a tropical cyclone to develop?

A

-Deep layer of warm, humid and unstable air.
-Warm water above 26°C
-Coreolis force
-Wind shear

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7
Q

Explain how a tropical cyclone is formed

A

Warm, moist air is forced to rise. The air spirals upwards. Cooling and condensation produce cumulonimbus clouds and rain. Cold air in centre sinks.

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8
Q

What is the difference between typhoons, hurricanes and cyclones?

A

Their location

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9
Q

Between which tropics is the tropical cyclone zone?

A

Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer

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10
Q

How do cyclones cause damage on land?

A

flooding because of the rain, destruction of crops and buildings and storm surges

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11
Q

What are primary impacts of a tropical cyclone?

A

Direct and immediate results of high winds, torrential rain and storm surges.

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12
Q

What are secondary impacts of a tropical cyclone?

A

Costs of damage repair, spreading of waterborne diseases, loss of home and belongings, etc.

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13
Q

What 4 types of short-term impacts do tropical cyclones have?

Think broad categories

A

Physical, social, economic and environmental.

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14
Q

What are the short-term physical impacts of a tropical cyclone?

A

damage to property

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15
Q

What are the short-term social impacts of a tropical cyclone?

A

Death and injury, disruption of communities

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16
Q

What are the short-term economic impacts of a tropical cyclone?

A

Destruction of businesses, transport systems and services

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17
Q

What are the short-term environmental impacts of a tropical cyclone?

A

landslides, soil erosion, flooding, upset ecosystems

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18
Q

Name 2 relevant hurricane case studies

A

Hurricane Katrina, USA, Typhoon Haiyan, Philippines

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19
Q

Why are tropical cyclones the easiest storm to measure?

A

Because rainfall and wind speed are constantly being measured by satellites and weather stations.

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20
Q

Name the 4 plate margins

A

-Destructive/convergent
-Constructive/divergent
-Conservative/transform
-Collision

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21
Q

What is a destructive plate margin?

A

When two plates move towards each other. The edge of one plate is being destroyed as it goes underneath the other plate and the friction creates volcanoes and earthquakes.

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22
Q

What is a constructive plate margin?

A

Two plates are moving apart. Magma rises to the crust to fill the gap and creates submarine volcanoes.

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23
Q

What is a conservative plate margin?

A

When plates are sliding past each other. There’s no rising magma or subduction, so no volcanoes. Instead, the friction creates earthquakes. San Andreas Fault.

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24
Q

What is a collision plate margin?

A

Two plates meet head on and are of equal density and strength. The sediments between the plates are pushed up and from mountains, example the Himalayas.

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25
Q

What are hotspots?

A

Locations beneath the earth crust where strong and rising currents of magma (plumes) occur.

26
Q

What are plumes?

A

Strong and rising currents of magma.

27
Q

What are the 3 different forms of volcanic eruption?

A

Ash, gas emissions and lava flows.

28
Q

What are pyroclastic flows?

A

Fast-moving currents of hot gas and volcanic matter (tephra) that flows along the ground away from a volcano that has erupted. Dangerous because of high t° and mobility

29
Q

What gases can be emitted during a volcanic eruption?

A

Sulphur, carbon dioxide and cyanide.

30
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

A sudden and brief period of intense shaking of the ground.

31
Q

What is the focus?

A

The underground centre of the earthquake.

32
Q

What is the epicenter?

A

The point of most damage of an earthquake

33
Q

What does the amount of damage from an earthquake depend on?

Think physical factors, not human preparation

A

Rock type and depth of focus

34
Q

What does it mean when rocks liquify?

A

When shockwaves from an earthquake travel through soft rock and make the rocks behave like liquid.

35
Q

Which 3 ways can earthquakes be measured in?

A

Richter scale, Mercalli scale, moment magnitude scale.

36
Q

How are volcanic eruptions measured?

A

Volcanic Explosivity Index

37
Q

What does the Richter scale measure?

A

The amount of energy released during an earthquake.

38
Q

What does the Mercalli scale measure?

A

What people experience and the amount of damage done by an earthquake.

39
Q

What does the Moment Magnitude Scale measure?

A

The energy released by an earthquake based on the amount of rock movement along a fault or fracture surface.

40
Q

What are some factors that affect how damaging an earthquake is?

A

How populated the area os, the size of the affected area, event duration, degree of previous preparation.

41
Q

Name some primary impacts of earthquakes

A

Broken pipelines, collapsed buildings, people crushed to death

42
Q

Name some secondary impacts of earthquakes

A

Tsunamis, aftershocks, fires due to ruptured gas lines

43
Q

Name some primary impacts of volcanic eruptions

A

Buildings and crops destroyed by lava flows, contamination of water supply, injury and death

44
Q

Name some secondary impacts of volcanic eruptions

A

Lahars, fires started by lava or pyroclastic flows, psychological trauma

45
Q

What are lahars?

A

A mix of volcanic ash and mud with rainwater or melting snow

46
Q

Name two relevant earthquake case studies

A

Nepal 2015, Italy 2016

47
Q

Name two relevant volcanic eruption case studies

A

Mount Merapi 2010, Mount Ontake 2014

48
Q

Why do people knowingly live in high-risk environments?

A

Unawareness of the risks, inability to move away due to lack of money, optimism (thinking it won’t happen to them),conscious decision

49
Q

What is a hazard?

A

A source of danger

50
Q

What is risk?

A

The probability of a hazard causing harmful consequences

51
Q

What benefits do volcanoes offer?

A

Minerals, fertile soils, geothermal energy and tourism

52
Q

What is risk assessment?

A

Deciding the probability of a hazardous event happening and the scale of its possible damage

53
Q

What 3 features of a hazard are important to be aware of when assessing risk?

A

Distribution, frequency and scale

54
Q

What is prediction?

A

Knowing that a hazard event is about to take place shortly

55
Q

Why is it hard to predict earthquakes?

A

Because they happen quickly and suddenly

56
Q

What is preparation?

A

Reducing the impacts of a possible hazard as much as possible.

57
Q

Give examples of preparation for earthquakes

A

Construction (adapting buildings and infrastructure), warning systems, education, remote sensing and GIS

58
Q

What is GIS?

A

Geographic information system. A computer program to store, visualize and analyze geographic data

59
Q

What is inquest/appraisal?

A

Looking back and evaluating how well the response to a hazardous event worked.

60
Q

What is the difference between emergency response and review response?

A

Emergency response is immediately after the event, a review response is when the whole thing is examined and questions are asked.

61
Q

What are some inquest/appraisal questions?

A

Do the risks need to be reassessed? Do the warning systems need to be improved? Are hazard maps up to date?

Geography (5 decks)

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