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Test > Haz Mat Ch 4 > Flashcards

Haz Mat Ch 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary role of first responders trained to the Operations Level?

A

To protect nearby persons, contain the release from a safe distance, and prevent exposures from the effects of the release.

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2
Q

What does the APIE-T process involve for Operations Level Responders?

A

Analyzing the incident.

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3
Q

What is involved in analyzing the incident for Operations Level Responders?

A

Identifying and assessing the on-scene hazards.

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4
Q

What knowledge is required for Operations Level Responders when assessing hazards?

A

Knowledge and understanding of the materials involved and the hazards they present.

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5
Q

After analyzing the incident, what do Operations Level Responders begin to do?

A

Plan an appropriate response based on their training and standard operating procedures (SOPs).

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: The first responsibility of the Operations Level Responder is to _______.

A

analyze the incident.

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7
Q

True or False: The first responders’ role includes protecting life, the environment, and property.

A

True

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8
Q

What problems can a hazmat release from a container create?

A

It can create many problems affecting people, living organisms, other chemicals, and the environment.

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9
Q

How do a material’s physical and chemical properties affect its behavior?

A

They determine how the material behaves, the harm it can cause, and the effects on everything it contacts.

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10
Q

What influences how a container behaves if it is damaged or ruptured?

A

A material’s physical and chemical properties influence how a container will behave if damaged.

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11
Q

What do first responders need to collect?

A

First responders need to know how to collect hazard and response data that provide information about the substance’s physical and chemical properties.

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12
Q

How can proper resources assist first responders?

A

Proper resources can greatly assist the responder in determining the present hazards, estimating the potential harm, and predicting how the incident may progress.

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13
Q

What are physical properties?

A

Physical properties are the characteristics of a material that do not involve the chemistry or chemical nature of the material.

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14
Q

What do physical properties describe?

A

Physical properties describe how a material behaves in relation to physical influences, such as temperature and pressure, or how a material behaves when mixed with, or compared to, another material.

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15
Q

What are some examples of physical properties?

A

Materials can be characterized by the following physical properties: states of matter, melting point/freezing point/sublimation, vapor pressure, boiling point, specific gravity, molecular weight, particle size, persistence and viscosity, appearance and odor, water solubility/miscibility, and vapor density.

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16
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

Gas, Liquid, Solid

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17
Q

Why is it important to learn about the physical state of hazardous materials?

A

Because gaseous, liquid, and solid hazardous materials behave differently, influencing their potential hazards.

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18
Q

How does understanding the states of matter help with hazardous materials?

A

It helps predict where the hazardous material is going, what exposures it may affect, and what those effects may be.

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19
Q

What does the state of matter indicate about hazardous materials?

A

It indicates what exposures that material may become and helps determine if there will be far-reaching hazardous properties.

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20
Q

What is the general mobility of solids compared to gases?

A

Solids are the least mobile, while gases have the greatest mobility.

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21
Q

How does the state of a substance change with temperature?

A

A substance’s state may change if the temperature changes.

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22
Q

What happens to a solid when the temperature increases?

A

A solid may change to a liquid if the temperature increases.

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23
Q

What factors should be considered regarding a substance’s state in outdoor incidents?

A

You should consider the temperature’s effect on a substance, as air temperature and weather factors can strongly influence its state of matter and behavior.

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24
Q

What are the potential dangers of gas incidents for emergency responders?

A

Incidents involving gases are potentially the most dangerous for emergency responders.

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25
Q

What is a common cause of hazmat-related injuries?

A

Many hazmat-related injuries are due to the inhalation of vapors or gases.

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26
Q

What are some characteristics of gaseous materials?

A

Gaseous materials may have an odor, be colorless, odorless, and/or tasteless, and may be toxic, corrosive, or flammable.

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27
Q

Give an example of a gas that has an odor.

A

Chlorine

Chlorine has a distinct odor.

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28
Q

Give an example of a colorless and odorless gas.

A

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide is colorless and odorless.

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29
Q

What are the possible hazards associated with gases?

A

Gases may be toxic (e.g., phosgene), corrosive (e.g., ammonia), or flammable (e.g., methane, natural gas).

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30
Q

What is a characteristic of high-pressure gases?

A

They may have high pressure in excess of 15,000 psi (103 421 kPa), such as liquid helium.

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31
Q

What happens to gases upon release?

A

Gases may be extremely cold upon release and/or may have a large vapor expansion ratio if liquefied.

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32
Q

What is a key property of gases regarding shape and volume?

A

Gases have an undefined shape and volume and keep expanding if uncontained.

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33
Q

Why is it difficult to detect gas leaks?

A

It is difficult to detect where gases are, where they are not, and where they may be going.

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34
Q

How can a gas leak in a building spread?

A

A gas leak may spread throughout the building, to other buildings, through access shafts, into the soil, or into the street.

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35
Q

What factors influence the spread of gas in a leak?

A

The spread of gas may depend on ventilation and other factors, including pressure and air currents.

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36
Q

What are the challenges of containing gases for mitigation purposes?

A

Gases are difficult (if not impossible) to contain for mitigation purposes. Compressed gases and liquefied gases expand rapidly when released, potentially threatening large areas.

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37
Q

How can invisible or odorless gases be detected?

A

Invisible and/or odorless gases may be impossible to detect without specialized detection equipment, such as a multigas detector.

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38
Q

What happens to materials under extreme pressures or temperatures when released?

A

Materials kept under pressures and/or temperatures higher or lower than ambient conditions may change state upon release.

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39
Q

What is the significance of the expansion ratio of gases?

A

The expansion ratio of a gas from its liquid state is significant in mitigating a hazmat incident involving materials under specific conditions, especially cryogenic liquids and liquefied gases.

40
Q

What warning is associated with expanding gases?

A

WARNING: Expanding gases can displace oxygen, creating an asphyxiating atmosphere.

41
Q

What hazards do gases present in the air?

A

If a hazardous material is a gas, it may linger in the air and present a breathing/inhalation hazard. Some gases may also present a contact hazard.

42
Q

How do gas incidents compare to other states of matter in terms of mitigation?

A

Incidents involving gas are generally much harder to mitigate and affect larger areas than incidents involving other states of matter.

43
Q

What is required to protect responders and the public during gas incidents?

A

Incidents involving gas require complex and difficult actions to protect responders and the public.

44
Q

How are liquids typically detected?

A

Liquids are usually visible, even if their vapors are not, making it easier to detect their presence.

45
Q

Do liquids travel as far as gases?

A

Liquids typically do not travel as far as gases unless they spill into a path or channel that transports them quickly.

46
Q

What factors influence the flow of liquids?

A

Liquids will flow or pool according to surface contours and topography, allowing for containment opportunities.

47
Q

What hazards do liquids present?

A

Liquids present a splash or contact hazard.

48
Q

What unique challenges do liquids pose to responders?

A

Liquids may emit vapors, increasing their mobility and complicating response efforts.

49
Q

How do vapors from liquids behave compared to gases?

A

Vapors from liquids may travel like gases but typically not as far from their source and are harder to detect.

50
Q

What types of hazards can vapors from liquids pose?

A

Vapors from liquids may be contact hazards, corrosive, inhalation hazards, toxic, or flammable.

51
Q

What is the mobility of solids compared to other states of matter?

A

Solids are the least mobile of the three states of matter.

52
Q

What external forces can act on solids?

A

Solids typically remain in place unless acted upon by external forces such as wind, water, and gravity.

53
Q

How does particle size influence the behavior of solids?

A

Larger particles usually settle out of the air quickly, while smaller particles may remain suspended in air longer and travel further.

54
Q

What unit is typically used to express particle size?

A

Micrometer (also known as micron) (um) is the unit of measure typically used to express particle size.

55
Q

What are some dangerous properties of solids?

A

Solids may have inhalation or contact hazards, small combustible particles that may explode if ignited, entrapment hazards in large containers, and can be flammable, reactive, radioactive, corrosive, or toxic.

56
Q

How can you usually detect a solid?

A

You can usually detect a solid visually, unless it has microscopic particles.

57
Q

Why is detecting solids easier than detecting gases or vapors?

A

The visibility of solids makes detecting their presence easier than detecting gases or vapors from liquids.

58
Q

What are some examples of solids that may sublimate?

A

Solids such as dry ice, elemental iodine, and naphthalene may sublimate.

59
Q

What hazards do sublimating materials present?

A

Sublimating materials present the same hazards and concerns as liquids that emit vapors.

60
Q

How are incidents involving solid materials typically characterized?

A

Incidents involving solid materials are usually confined to limited areas, with less likelihood of undetected travel.

61
Q

What is the complexity of mitigation and protective actions for solid incidents?

A

Solid incidents may require less complicated mitigation and protective actions than gas and liquid incidents.

62
Q

What does the response to solid incidents depend on?

A

The response depends on the chemical and physical properties of the material involved.

63
Q

What is dust?

A

Dust is a solid particle formed or generated from solid organic or inorganic materials by reducing its size through mechanical processes, such as crushing, grinding, drilling, abrading, or blasting.

Example: Grain elevators with airborne grain dust.

64
Q

What is a fume?

A

A fume is a suspension of particles that form when material from a volatilized (vapor state) solid condenses in cool air.

Examples include paint and smoke.

65
Q

What happens to solid particles in fume formation?

A

In most cases, the solid, smoke-like particles resulting from the condensation react with air to form an oxide.

66
Q

What is mist?

A

Mist is a finely divided liquid suspended in the atmosphere.

67
Q

How is mist generated?

A

Mists are generated by liquids condensing from a vapor back to a liquid or by breaking up a liquid into a dispersed state by splashing, foaming, or atomizing.

68
Q

Can mists be generated during temperature differentials?

A

Yes, mists may also be generated during temperature differentials, such as temperature inversions.

69
Q

Are mists usually pressurized?

A

No, mists are not usually pressurized.

70
Q

Give an example of a substance that can form mist.

A

An example of a substance that can form mist is sulfuric acid.

71
Q

How can solids usually be detected?

A

Solids can usually be detected visually, making their presence easier to identify.

72
Q

What is an aerosol?

A

An aerosol is a form of pressurized mist characterized by highly respirable, minute liquid or solid particles.

Example: Released anhydrous ammonia.

73
Q

What is an example of a high-temperature aerosol?

A

Leaking thermanol is an example of a high-temperature aerosol.

74
Q

What is fiber?

A

A solid particle whose length is several times greater than its diameter. Formed by a disruption of the natural state.

75
Q

How is fiber usually identified?

A

Usually not visibly identifiable in the air.

Example: Asbestos.

76
Q

What is vapor?

A

Gaseous form of a material that is normally in a solid or liquid state at room temperature and pressure.

77
Q

How are vapors formed?

A

Vapors are formed by evaporation from a liquid or sublimation from a solid.

78
Q

What do vapors look like?

A

Vapors are visible as atmospheric disturbances (wavy lines) over a surface.

79
Q

What is a characteristic of vapors?

A

Vapors are volatile.

80
Q

Can you give examples of vapors?

A

Examples include gasoline and solvents.

81
Q

What is fog?

A

Fog is a visible aerosol of a liquid formed by condensation.

82
Q

What causes fog to form?

A

Fog forms from liquefied gases that auto-refrigerate at low pressure.

83
Q

How do fog particulates compare to mists?

A

Fog particulates have a smaller droplet size than mists.

84
Q

How can fog be identified?

A

Fog is usually identifiable and discernable from an aerosol by its relatively low speed of travel, which is dependent on wind speed.

85
Q

What are examples of substances that can form fog?

A

Examples of substances that can form fog include chlorine and anhydrous ammonia.

86
Q

What is a physical change?

A

A physical change occurs when a substance alters its physical state (solid, liquid, or gas), but the chemical composition remains the same.

87
Q

Are physical changes reversible?

A

Some physical changes are easily reversible.

88
Q

What is melting?

A

Melting is the temperature at which a solid substance changes to a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure.

89
Q

What is freezing?

A

Freezing is the temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid at normal atmospheric pressure.

90
Q

What is vaporization?

A

Vaporization is the process by which a liquid becomes a gas at normal atmospheric pressure.

91
Q

What is condensation?

A

Condensation is the process by which a vapor in the air is changed into a liquid.

92
Q

What is sublimation?

A

Sublimation is the change directly from a solid into a gas without going into a liquid state in between.

93
Q

What is deposition?

A

Deposition is the change directly from a vapor to solid without going into a liquid state in between.

94
Q

How do temperatures change throughout the day?

A

Temperatures change throughout the day due to weather patterns and exposure to the sun.

95
Q

How can temperature affect materials?

A

A material that begins the day as a solid may change to a liquid if heated sufficiently.

96
Q

Why are materials easier to control as solids?

A

Materials are typically easier to control as a solid than a liquid, which may affect mitigation strategies.

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