Hass exam revision Flashcards
what is a treaty
written agreement between 2 or more international countries
league of nations
international organization formed at the Paris peace conference in 1919
BRAT stands for
blame
reparation
armed forces
territory
Blame (BRAT)
Germany was to take blame for WW 1
Reparations (BRAT)
Germany had to pay 6.6 billion pounds
Armed forces (BRAT)
Germany had to reduce their army to 100,000 soldiers and limited war vehicles
Territory (BRAT)
Germany had to return all the taken land back to their original countries
Paris peace conference
January 1919, victorious nations of ww 1 met at Paris peace conference to come plan to rebuild Europe and ensure ongoing peace, as well as ruining Germany
what is history
the study of who we are, why we are, the way we are.
why study history
it can provide us with solutions to many of the problems of the present
modern world
refers to the period of 1500CE to the present
important dates
1914-1918: World War I
1918 to 1920: Spanish Flu pandemic
1919: Treaty of Versailles
29 Oct 1929: US stock market crash
30 Jan 1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany
1939 to 1945: World War II
19 Feb 1942: Darwin bombed
6 to 9 Aug 1945: Atomic bombing of Japan
1940s to 1960s: American Civil Rights Movement
c. 1945 to 1991: Cold War
c. 1930s to present: Aboriginal Australian civil rights movement
2020: Covid-19 pandemic
who were the big 4
David Lloyd George, British Prime Minister
Woodrow Wilson, U.S. President
George Clemenceau, French Prime Minister
Vittorio Orlando, Italian Prime Minister
what was David Lloyd George, motivation
Wanted Germany to be punished but also remain strong as he feared the spread of Communism in Europe. Wanted to weaken Germany’s army and navy
what was Woodrow Wilson motivation
Wanted to punish Germany but not too harshly. Wanted to set up the League of Nations to encourage peace and negotiations to prevent future wars.
what was George Clemenceau motivation
France suffered greatly in WW1 so they wanted Germany to be punished severely so they could never fight again. Clemenceau also wanted a return of the land lost to Germany.
what was Vittorio Orlando motivation
Wanted to gain land for Italy and agreed with Lloyd George that Germany shouldn’t be punished to severely. Left the conference early as he couldn’t secure Italy’s claims to land.
The Roaring Twenties
During the 1920s many western countries experienced a decade of high economic prosperity.
people had extra money to spend and spent it on goods. E.g. clothes, home appliances
The Roaring Twenties
(social change)
The Roaring 20s included changing values in society
women may have worked in a clerical or factory job, smoked cigarettes, worn makeup and gone dancing in the evening.
The Roaring Twenties
(economic change)
A post-war marriage boom increased demand for homes.
Much of this was fuelled by borrowed funds from the USA and Britain
The Roaring Twenties
(Aboriginal Australians)
During the 20’s, most Nation people were kept apart from European society.
who were the political leaders in Australia
Billy Hughes-prime minster (PM) 1915-1923
Stanley Bruce – PM, 1923 – 1929
James Scullin – PM, 1929-1932
what did Stanley Bruce start?
Started the ‘Men, Money and Markets’ policy.
what was the Men, Money and market policy
Men = bring in migrants ( big push for British migrants – cheap passage)
Money = borrow funds from over seas
Markets = find new customers for agricultural and manufacturing products.
the great depression
occurred at the end of the Roaring 20s ( 29 October 1929) after the fall of stock market.
This event signaled the beginning of the Great Depression which lasted for over a decade.
By 1933, thousands of US banks had closed.
(It took 25-years for the stock market to recover.)
without jobs or steady income, many people lost their homes and were forced to live in on the street or in substandard housing.
The great depression in Australia
one of the two countries that suffered most during the Great Depression
During the Great Depression:
Exports fell substantially with other countries not being able to afford Australian goods (e.g., wool, wheat)
The prices of those goods also fell sharply, reducing the country’s income further.
Australia struggled to repay it debts.
what are the causes of ww2
Treaty of Versailles
worldwide economic depression
failure of appeasement
the failure of the League of Nations.
the rise of Adolf Hitler
geographical concepts
is what
SPICESSS
Space
Place
Interconnection
Change
Environment
Scale
Sustainability
SPICESSS
(Space)
the way things are arranged on the Earth’s surface. There are three elements: location, spatial distribution, and organisation.
SPICESSS
(Place)
part of the Earth’s surface that is identified and given meaning by people.
SPICESS
(interconnection)
Natural processes link places and people. For example, the water cycle links the water in the oceans with the land.
Human activities such as the movement of people, the use of the internet, the production and trade of foods, and the flow of money within and between different countries also link places and people.
SPICESS
(change)
Some changes occur very rapidly and are easy to observe, while others take place over millions of years and are almost undetectable to us. For example, natural disasters, climate change, and conservation of wildlife.
SPICESS
(Environment)
the living and non-living components that make up an area, and the ways they are organised.
SPICESS
(SCALE)
the way that geographical phenomena can be examined at different spatial levels. Range of scales include local, regional, national, and global.
SPICESS
(sustainability)
the capacity of the environment to continue to support our lives and the lives of other living creatures into the future, so we can all survive.
what is wellbeing
people’s quality of life and is defined as the ability of people to access the things they need in order to live happy healthy and contented lives.
what are primary needs
The primary requirements for life include fresh water, a secure food supply, shelter, clothing, and safety.
(basic needs)
what are the secondary needs
secondary needs, such as good health, the ability to make a decent living and access to education become important in determining an individual’s level of wellbeing.
Quantitative indicators
objective or measureable indicators such as GDP, life expectancy and infant mortality rate.
Qualitative indicators
more subjective indicators that are difficult to measure but still contribute to overall wellbeing such as political freedoms, social connections and personal security.
wellbeing indicators are what
wealth
health
education
Wellbeing indicators (wealth)
Access to basic necessities (primary needs) and any wants we have are largely determined by our wealth and ability to earn a living.
Wellbeing indicators (health)
Human health is affected by a wide range of factors – clean air, clean water, and secure access to nutritious food. The ability to control the spread of diseases and provide adequate health care to individuals.
Wellbeing indicators (education)
Access to formal education is often seen as key to improving wellbeing. Being able to read and write gives people access to wider range of job options, higher wages and an improved standard of living.
what are three broad economical categories
LEDC: Less Economically Developed
MEDC: More Economically Developed
Economies in transition
LEDC: Less Economically Developed
generally ‘poorer’ countries whose economies are still developing. e.g., Malawi, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Central African Republic
MEDC: More Economically Developed
generally considered to have economies that are well developed with good infrastructure. e.g., Japan, Australia, New Zealand
Economies in transition
These are countries which have developed economies but are still working on infrastructure. e.g., Moldovia, Russia, Azerbaijan
choropleth maps
give a quick impression of a spatial pattern by using dark and lighter shades of the same or similar colours. Darker shades usually show ”the most” and lighter shades show the least.
what is the PQE
Pattern – describe the pattern referring to specific places
Quantify – provide specific data for countries and places to support a description of the pattern
Exceptions – identify any exceptions to the pattern described.
what are Cartograms
A cartogram is a type of thematic map that displays countries in roughly their correct geographical locations but the size of the countries is determined by the variable being mapped.
scatter plots
Scatter plots are similar to line graphs in that they are used to display data plotted against two variable.
Rural vs urban
(wealth)
Access to fresh fruit and vegetables, also impacts the heath and wellbeing of people in remote and rural areas.
Rural vs urban
(health)
Australians living in rural and remote areas have
shorter lives,
higher levels of disease and injury and
poorer access to and use of heath services,
compared to people in urban areas.
Rural vs urban
(education)
There are fewer education opportunities for students which also limits employment opportunities.
Students in rural areas, generally have less access to resources such as the internet and a more restricted choice of subjects.
the closing gap
The gap refers to the health and life-expectation inequality between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.These include
shorter life expectancy
higher rates of infant mortality
poorer health
lower levels of education and employment
population pyramid
Populations pyramids are horizontal bar graphs that show the proportion of males and females in different age groups in populations.
population structure
is how it is made up of people of different ages and of males and females.
The common method to show the structure is by a POPULATION PYRAMID.
This diagram is made up by putting two bar graphs (one for male, one for female) side by side.
From this you can read what percentage of a population is of a certain gender and age range.
environmental factors
Climate and relative location:
Countries close to the equator experience high rainfall and temperatures.
Dense vegetation, disease spreads rapidly
Land quality
Food security relies on fertile soils
Land degradation (e.g. overgrazing, pollution) affects food and water security of millions of people
Availability of water
Water scarcity impacts on food security, health, wealth, soil fertility and education.
Lack of water and control of water supplies is also a major contributor to conflict in the world.
historical factors
Colonisation: Many of the poorest countries in the world were European colonies. Generally, colonies would produce raw materials that were shipped back to Europe making the coloniser richer and the colonised poorer.
Slave Trade: Atlantic Slave Trade (19th century) provided cheap labour for European countries. Slavery removed the young population of countries that would normally produce children and do most of the work.
economic factors
Access to trade routes: Poverty is often concentrated in geographic areas that are poorly connected to active economic centres. Firms and communities in these areas miss opportunities to develop skilled, competitive workforces.
Little investment capital: Most Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) lack money to invest in agriculture, industry, transport and communications. LEDCs find it hard to attract overseas investors. When money is available, it may be loaned at very high rates of interest.
Lack of technology: lack of agricultural, transport and communication technology means that countries are unable to improve wellbeing
social factors
Population size and growth: LEDCs generally have rapid population growth.
High birth rates occur because:
People believe that children can be sent out to work to earn money for the family.
More people means
more pressure on
resources, so lower wellbeing.
Cultural norms:
LEDCs live more traditional lifestyles that are controlled by religion and other cultural/spiritual beliefs e.g. trusting traditional healers over modern medicine
political factors
Political stability: Many LEDCs have a history of unstable governments. They have experienced civil war, military coups and government collapse.
Corruption: The political class in many LEDCs use their position for their own benefit rather than the benefit of the country.
Wars and civil conflict: Many wars occur due to conflict over resources, political, religious differences or are due to potential security threats.
the role of NGO’S
the aim of improving wellbeing and are often funded by charities, donors and governmental agencies.
activates of NGO’s
Human rights
Environment
Health
Human rights
Environment
Health
What are examples of NGO’S
: The International Red Cross, The World Food Programme, Doctors without Borders, and many more.
