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Exam revision semester 1 > biology exam revision > Flashcards

biology exam revision Flashcards

1
Q

what is inheritance?

A

the study of how genes are passed from parents to offspring

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2
Q

who discovered inheritance?

A

Gregor Mendel

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3
Q

what is a dominant allele

A

an allele that masks/hides recessive alleles

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4
Q

what is a recessive allele

A

A allele that is only seen in the absence of a dominant allele

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5
Q

what is an allele

A

a variation of a gene

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6
Q

what is a gene?

A

A small segment of DNA that controls what characteristics an organism has.

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7
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribo nucleic acid.

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8
Q

what makes up a nucleotide?

A

one phosphate, one deoxyribose sugar and one nitrogenous base.

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9
Q

In diagrams on a nucleotide, what shape normally represents the phosphate?

A

the circle

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10
Q

In diagrams on a nucleotide, what shape normally represents the deoxyribose sugar?

A

A pentagon

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11
Q

In a DNA ladder… what makes up the steps?

A

nitrogenous bases

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12
Q

Where is DNA located in a cell?

A

the nucleus

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13
Q

When DNA is loosely condensed and wrapped into a wool like structure what is it called?

A

chromatin

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14
Q

When DNA is tightly condensed and packaged. What is it called?

A

chromosome

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15
Q

How many chromosomes are in a normal human cell?

A

46 chromosomes

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16
Q

How do nitrogenous bases bond together?

A

via hydrogen bonding

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17
Q

how many nitrogenous based are there?

A

4

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18
Q

What are the four letter that represent nitrogenous bases?

A

A, T, C, G

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19
Q

What is the name of the nitrogenous base A?

A

Adenine

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20
Q

What is the name of the nitrogenous base T?

A

Thymine

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21
Q

What is the name of the nitrogenous base C?

A

Cytosine

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22
Q

What is the name of the nitrogenous base G?

A

Guanine

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23
Q

Which bases pair together?

A

A and T

C and G

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24
Q

What makes up the backbone of DNA?

A

Phosphates and deoxyribose sugars

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25
Q

what is the purpose of DNA replication?

A

To create multiple copies of identical DNA

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26
Q

What are the 3 stages of DNA replication

A
  1. straightening and separating of DNA (denaturation)
  2. cloning (DNA synthesis)
  3. Checking for errors
27
Q

What occurs in the first stage of DNA replication?

A

-An enzyme breaks apart the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs.

-The two DNA strands separate and unwind

-This exposes the nitrogenous bases

28
Q

hat occurs in the second stage of DNA replication?

A

-In the nucleus there is free floating nucleotides

-The free floating nucleotides bond to the exposed nitrogenous bases (hydrogen bonding)

-An enzyme binds the DNA backbone backbone in the new DNA strand

-This creates 2 new DNA strands that are identical. (They both have 1 of the original strand and 1 of the newly made strand)

29
Q

What occurs in the third stage of DNA replication?

A

An enzyme proof-reads that DNA strand and checks for any errors.

Any errors are fixed.

30
Q

What is the centre part of a chromosome called?

A

A centromere

31
Q

How do you count chromosomes?

A

by the number of centromere

32
Q

What is half a chromosome called?

A

a chromatid

33
Q

Two chromatids that join in the middle can be called what?

A

sister chromatids

34
Q

Chromosomes can be single stranded or double stranded.. how many copies of DNA are in each type?

A

ingle- 1 copy
double- 2 copies

35
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A picture of all the chromosomes in an organism’s genome

36
Q

In a human karyotype, the first 22 chromosome pairs are…?

A

autosomal
-determine general traits

37
Q

In a human karyotype, the 23rd/last chromosome are…?

A

sex chromosomes

38
Q

What are male sex chromosomes?

A

XY

39
Q

What are female sex chromosomes?

A

XX

40
Q

What occurs is pre- mitosis?

A

interphase

41
Q

What occurs in interphase in mitosis and meiosis one ?

A

-DNA replicates
-single stranded chromosomes become double.
-Chromatin become visible.

42
Q

What occurs in prophase of mitosis and meiosis?

A

The nuclear membrane breaks down
-spindle fibres appear
-Chromatin condense into chromosomes

43
Q

What occurs in metaphase of mitosis?

A

-chromosomes line up in the equator of the cell
-Spindle fibres attach to the centromere of chromosomes

44
Q

What occurs in metaphase of meiosis 1?

A

-Homologous chromosome pairs line up in two lines along the equator of the cell
-Spindle fibres attached to chromosomes.

45
Q

What is the difference between metaphase 1 and metaphase 2 of meiosis?

A

In metaphase 1, Homologous chromosomes line up in pairs along the equator.

whereas,

In metaphase 2, a single line of doubles stranded chromosomes lines up along the equator.

46
Q

What occurs in anaphase of mitosis?

A

-The spindle fibres contract/shorten
-The double stranded chromosomes are ripped apart into single stranded chromosomes (chromatid).
- The chromatid move to opposite poles of the cell

47
Q

What is the difference between anaphase 1 and 2 in meiosis?

A

In Anaphase 1, spindle fibres separate a homologous chromosome pair. One double stranded chromosome moves to each pole of the cell.

whereas,

-In Anaphase 2, spindle fibres rip apart a double stranded chromosome into single stranded chromosomes (chromatid). one chromatid moves to opposite poles of the cell.

48
Q

what occurs in telophase during mitosis and meiosis?

A

Two new nuclear membranes are formed
-Spindle fibres disappear
- chromosomes unwind into chromatin

49
Q

What occurs during cytokenesis?

A

The cytoplasm pinches in half and becomes 2 separate cells.

50
Q

What phase occurs in meiosis 1 and not meiosis 2?

A

interphase

51
Q

Why are gametes haploid?

A

so that when they fuse during fertilisation, they become diploid.

52
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

A cell with 1 copy of DNA

53
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

A cell with 2 copies of DNA

54
Q

What types of cell does mitosis produce?

A

diploid

55
Q

What types of cell does meiosis produce?

A

haploid

56
Q

Are cell produced from mitosis identical or genetically different?

A

identical

57
Q

Are cell produced from meiosis identical or genetically different?

A

genetically different

58
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

Sexual reproduction
-producing gametes

59
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

What is the purpose of mitosis?

60
Q

How many cells are created from mitosis?

A

2

61
Q

How many cells are created from meiosis?

A

4

62
Q

what times do cell spend the most time in?

A

interphase

63
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and cytokenesis?

A

-mitosis is the separation of the nucleus

whereas,

-cytokinesis is the separation of the cytoplasm/cell

Exam revision semester 1 (4 decks)

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