Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Question 1

Define Biological Evolution.

Answer 1

The process through which the characteristics of organisms change over generations, driven by evolutionary mechanisms: Genetic drift, Migration, Mutation, Selection, and Non-random mating

Question 2

What is the difference between Microevolution and Macroevolution?

Answer 2

Microevolution is small-scale changes within a pop. (mostly changes in allele frequencies over a few gens.) Macroevolution is a larger evolutionary change that leads to new species or groups

Question 3

What is Microevolution?

Answer 3

Microevolution is the process of change.

Question 4

What is Macroevolution

Answer 4

Macroevolution is the pattern of change.

Question 5

What is an EX. of Macroevolution?

Answer 5

The evolution of mammals from reptilian ancestors

Question 6

What is an EX. of Microevolution?

Answer 6

The change in color in a moth pop. due to pollution

Question 7

What five conditions must be met for the proportions of alleles not to change? (Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium)

Answer 7

The pop. is large
No migration in or out
No Mutations
Mating is random
All genotypes are just as fit

Question 8

What are the five evolutionary mechanisms?

Answer 8

Genetic drift
Migration
Mutation
Selection
Non-random mating

Question 9

Define Genetic drift

Answer 9

The random changes in allele frequencies
the allele can drift up and down from one gen to the next

Question 10

Define Migration (Gene flow)

Answer 10

Movement of individuals between pop. leads to changes in allele frequencies

Question 11

Define Mutation (rare)

Answer 11

Changes in the DNA sequence can introduce new genetic variation into a pop. It can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful

Question 12

Define Selection

Answer 12

The process by which some traits become more common in a pop. because they have an advantage

Question 13

Define Non-random mating

Answer 13

Mating that is based on specific traits leading to changes in genotype frequencies

Question 14

The survival rate of a genotype (or phenotype) relative to the maximum survival or both reproductive rates of other genotypes in the population
It is a number between 0 and 1.

Answer 14

Relative Fitness

Question 15

In population genetics what can cause fixation?

Answer 15

Genetic drift or selection
Genetic drift: random changes in allele frequencies can lead to fixation in small pop.
Selection: helpful alleles can become fixed if they have a survival benefit

Question 16

The changes in a gene pool from a situation where there exists at least two variants of a particular gene (allele) in a given population to a situation where only one of the alleles remains. The gene has become “fixed.” What is this called?

Answer 16

Fixation

Question 17

Summarize the effect of natural selection on the evolution of populations. Use the term “fitness” in your explanation.

Answer 17

Natural selection impacts evolution by selecting genotypes/phenotypes that have high fitness, leading to allele changes over time.

Question 18

What is assortative mating?

Answer 18

Individuals choosing partners that have similar (positive assortative mating) or dissimilar (negative assortative mating) to themselves in certain traits

Question 19

What is the definition of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Answer 19

Fundamental principles of pop. genetics that describes a state where allele and genotype frequencies in a pop. remain constant from gen. to gen. if conditions are met

Question 20

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

where
p: The frequency of the dominant allele in the population
q: The frequency of the recessive allele in the population
p^2 = frequency of genotype Homozygous dominant (RR)
q^2 = frequency of genotype Homozygous recessive (rr)
2pq = frequency of genotype Heterozygous (Rr)

Answer 20

The mathematical representation of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium