Hardware & Software Flashcards
What is a Bit?
Basic unit, smallest electronic storage unit
What is a byte?
Smallest unit of memory that can be addressed.
Measurement of Data volumes, how big is the gap between stated and actual capacity
Approximately 7% (500gb harddrive has storage of 465,65 gb)
What is hardware?
Any physical component of computer system, includes the case, central processing unit, monitor
External Hardware? Divided into which families?
Also called peripheral, include Flat screen, Gamepad, keyboard
- communication peripherals
- storage peripherals
- Input/output peripherals
Internal Hardware
Called components, generally including CPU
processor= devices brain
Motherboard=Main element
Machine language is =
First-generation programming language
von Neumann-Architecture
Concept of realizing universal computers. Basis of the working method for most computers of today
vin Neumann-Architecture is divided in?
- Processor,
- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU= Brain of computer),
- control unit (second brain),
- input -process-output model,
- clock generator &
- Memory unit (RAM),
What is the bus-system in the von Neumann-Architecture
Enables exchange of info. between dif. components, executed through the transmission of bit values.
Disadvantages of v N-A
Three factors: Architecture is used for data & commands
Only one component writes to the bus at a time
In this phase, other components can only use the bus for reading.
Therefore: a bottleneck between processor & memory. Further memory & bus system determine operating speed.
What are computer networks?
Computer networks denote the interlinkage of tech., primarily independent electronic systems to enable shared use of resources
Best known computer network: Internet
What is the Internet?
Global, decentral organized, heterogeneous computer network consisting of interconnected individual systems.
To understand client-server architecture, necessary to understand…. ?
- c&s are not necessarily hardware and functions or task are not tied to any hardware
- client, as well as server programs, can be presented on computer
- Services are provided by one or more servers
What is downsizing?
Replacement of tech. by smaller computer units (cost-effective alternatives)
What is Rightsizing?
Rightsizing creates a needs-based system environment
Components of v N-A
- The server, (provider, stores and manages data)
- the protocols, (define the flow of communications)
- the client (front end, presentation layer)
Multi-tier client-server: Two-tier architecture is?
Tier 1 = Application runs on client
Tier 2= Client interacts with the server
Multi-tier client-server: Three-tier architecture and its disadvantage?
Extended by a server between client and data server
Tier 1 = client
Tier 2= Application server
Tier 3= database server
What are the pillars of the WWW?
HTML, CSS (cascading style sheets) & java script
What are protocols and what is TCP & IP?
Protocols= Generic standards & norms for data transmission
TCP= rule set of exchanging message on an info packet level IP= Ruleset for sending & receiving messages
What are Web browsers?
Software used to gain access to the world wide web, web browsers enable users to request, receive & display content stored on webserver
Components of Webservers?
1 User interface 2 Browse engine 3 Rendering engine 4 networking component 5 Java script interpreter 6 User Interface backend 7 Storage
What are Web apps? Which elements are necessary for it to work
Program based on client-server model.
- web server
- application server
- database
Benefits and examples of web apps?
Benefits: Run on multiple platforms, eliminate compatibility issues, eliminate space limitations
Examples: Google workspace & Microsoft 365
What are web services?
include any type of software, application or cloud tech that provides HTTP/s for interoperation,communication.
What are common web services?
XML-RPC, SOAP, REST
What are API
NOT a database or server but open source code managing access points for the server.
Software tech?
Represent the interface between hardware & user application. Includes programs and files that control all process, connects hardware and manages internal & external hardware
What is application software?
Useful or desired non-system functionality. For example ADOBE, Word, excel etc.
What are the main groups for programming languages?
- Machine language
- Assembly language
- high level language
Classes of programming language?
Imperative= sequence of instructions
functional= consists of functions
Object oriented= System of cooperation objects.
Software development?
The process to create computer software
Software development lifecycle?
- analysis and planning
- requierments
- Design & prototyping
- software development
- Testing
- Deployment
- Maintenance & updates
Software development processes?
Waterfall process= each section flows into next
Agile Scrum= aims for clearly defined team structures & work processes
Incremental & iterative= middleg ground between waterfall & agile
V-shaped (like a waterfall but each phase is followed by strict testing)
What is software measurement?
What steps are part of the process?
Accompanies software development process from planning process till after delivery. Used wherever software solutions are developed, optimized and extended.
4 steps:
- definition
- Planning
- Implementation
- Evaluation
Software measurement can be used to?
Identify, prioritize, track and communicate issues to drive productivity
What are KPI`s
Key performance indicators that
- enable detailed measuring goals,
- help to make statements and
- help to keep the process on target
What is cloud computing?
It denotes the on-demand availability of computer system resources.
Without being actively managed by the user.
What is infrastructure as a service?
Provides virtualized computing infrastructure managed entirely over the internet
What is Platform as a Service?
Provides hosted development and kits, application mgmt, and database tools.
What is data governance & cybersecurity?
Aspects of cloud computing, companies attempt to outmanoeuvre hackers and stay ahead of invasions.
What is Software as a service, its characteristics and benefits?
Well known application for cloud computing, it distributes data online, which is accessible from the browser of any device.
Characteristics:
- Multi tenenant architecture
- Ease of customization
- Short onboarding cycle
Benefits:
- No set up costs
- no hardware cost
- scalable
- easy to update
What is a relational database?
The most widely used model for databases today, enable storage and access.
What are relations?
A relation is a synonym for a table, each relation consists of a series of data records.
What are the tyües of table relationships?
- 1:n (most common type)
- n:n (many to many)
- 1:1 (least common)
What is database operation?
Users interact with the database via mgmt systems that provide a database language for purpose.
What is SQL
Structured query language
Standard interface for database operations.
When its used –> must be translated into SQL terminology
What are Databases and what are the benefits?
Systems fpr electronically managing data.
Perks: Efficient, permanent and failure-free storage of large amounts of data.
What are the database components?
- Database mgmt system ( takes care of physical process)
- Data manipulation language (database language)
- Data dictionary (collection)
What are the database types?
- object-oriented database
- Distribution database
- Data warehouse
- cloud database
