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CompTIA Linux+ > Hardware Configuration > Flashcards

Hardware Configuration Flashcards

1
Q

Common hard disk interfaces

A

PATA - Parallel Advanced Technology
SATA - Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
SCSI - Small Computer System Interface

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2
Q

external disk interfaces

A
  • USB
  • IEEE-1394 (firewire)
  • Variants of SATA and SCSI
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3
Q

scsi disks

A
  • support up to 8 or 16 devices per bus
  • one device is the scsi host adapter (controller)
  • serial attached scsi SAS brings advances in speed
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4
Q

scsi hard drive names are created within which directory?

A

/dev

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5
Q

scsi hard drive nomenclature

A

/dev/sdx where x is any letter from a-z

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6
Q

scsi tape nomenclature

A

/dev/stx (where x is any number from 0-i)

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7
Q

scsi cd-rom and dvd-rom nomenclature

A

/dev/scdx or /dev/srx (where x is any number from 0-i)

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8
Q

method of scsi id assignment

A

increasing order based on scsi id

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9
Q

hotpluggable external disks

A
  • usb

- IEEE-1394 (firewire)

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10
Q

True or False: Always unmount external drive before unplugging it.

A

True

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11
Q

drive partition

A

data structure written to specified part of a hard disk

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12
Q

partitioning systems

A
  • Master Boot Record (MBR)
  • GUID Partition Table (GPT)
  • Berkeley Standard Distribution (BSD)
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13
Q

MBR primary partition limit

A

four primary partitions or three primary and one extended

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14
Q

MBR partition type codes

A

one-byte (two-digit hexadecimal) numbers

  • 0x0c (FAT)
  • 0x07 (NTFS)
  • 0x0f (newer type of extended partition)
  • 0x82 (Linux swap)
  • 0x83 (Linux filesystem)
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15
Q

GPT Datastructure - Protective MBR

A
  • MBR exists on GPT partitioned disk to deterr creation of ordinary MBR partitions
  • type code 0xee (EFI GPT)
  • may also hold a boot loader in its code area
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16
Q

GPT Datastructure - header

A
  • defines various GPT metadata
  • defines size of the partition table
  • defines locations of partition tables
  • provides CRC (cyclical redundancy check) checksums to help system software detect data corruption
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17
Q

GPT Datastructure - partition table

A
  • defines actual partitions

- can define up to 128 partitions on most disks

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18
Q

GPT partition scheme

A

partitions are numbered starting at 1 and need not be consecutive

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19
Q

MBR partition scheme

A

primary/extended/logical

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20
Q

LVM - Logical Volume Management

A

It is a system of managing logical volumes, or filesystems, that is much more advanced and flexible than the traditional method of partitioning a disk into one or more segments and formatting that partition with a filesystem

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21
Q

directory containing logical volume names

A

/dev/mapper

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22
Q

mount point

A

directory used as a way to access the filesystem on the partition, and mounting a filesystem is to link the filesystem to a mount point
- i.e. /home mount point would allow access to any subdirectory regardless of where subdirectory exists on a variety of physical drives

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23
Q

unified directory tree

A

directory structure which houses mount points

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24
Q

critical system directories to avoid splitting between partitions (without these Linux can’t function)

A 
/etc
/bin
/sbin
/lib
/dev
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25
Q

low-level formatting

A
  • creates a structure of sectors and tracks on the disk media
  • should not be required after factory formats this upon production
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26
Q

high-level formatting

A

creates a filesystem

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27
Q

_____ disks can be low- and high-level formatted

A
  • floppy

- fdformat /dev/fd0

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28
Q

common filesystem types

A
  • ext2fs
  • ext3fs
  • ext4fs
  • reiserfs
  • btrfs
  • non-native filesystems
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29
Q

ext2fs

A
  • traditional linux native filesystem

- can be good for small /boot partitions

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30
Q

ext3fs

A
  • adds journal (for recovery)
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31
Q

ext4fs

A
  • adds ability to work with very large disks (over 32TB) and very large files (over 2TB)
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32
Q

reiserfs

A
  • good with large amounts of small files

- designed as a journaling system

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33
Q

btrfs

A
  • fast performer for handling very large disks and files (considered experimental as of kernel 2.6.34
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34
Q

FAT (file allocation table)

A
  • old primitive but ubiquitous
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35
Q

ntfs

A

as of 2.6.x kernel, linux can reliable read and overwrite ntfs but not create new files

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36
Q

hfs and hfs+

A

apple - linux provides full read/write hfs support

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37
Q

non-native filesystems

A
  • fat
  • ntfs
  • hfs/+
  • iso-9660 (cd roms)
  • joliet as part of iso-9660 (window’s implementation)
  • udf (universal disc format) dvd
  • bitlocker encryption
38
Q

command to create a filesystem

A
  • mkfs

- use -t option to pass the filesystem type code to mkfs

39
Q

command often used to create ext2 and ext3 filesystems

A

mke2fs

40
Q

bad-block check

A

analyzes disk for bad sectors

41
Q

common causes of bad sectors on a hard disk

A
  • bad disk

- bad cables or SCSI terminations

42
Q

following command does what…mkfs -t ext3 /dev/hda6

A

create an ext3 filesystem on /dev/hda6

43
Q

swap space command

A

mkswap [drive]

- i.e. mkswap /dev/hda1

44
Q

swap space

A
  • a partition or file that linux treats as an extension of memory
  • requires preparation similar to that of a filesystem but doesn’t hold a filesystem and is not mounted like a filesystem
45
Q

identifying swap space

A

linux uses /etc/fstab to define which partitions to use as swap space

46
Q

command activate a swap space

A

swapon [drive]

i.e. swapon /dev/sdd1

47
Q

tuning filesystems

A
  • looking for journaling mechanism

- ext2fs should be backed up more often bc fs can’t correct itself

48
Q

dump2fs [options] device

A
  • command to display filesystem information

- i.e. dump2fs /dev/sdb7

49
Q

command to change filesystem parameters reported by dump2fs

A

tune2fs [options] device

50
Q

command to investigate issues with filesystem

A

debugfs [drive]

- i.e. debugfs /dev/hda11

51
Q

major ext2fs limitation

A

journaling (data structure describing pending operations) - fs could be in an inconsistent state if not shut down properly which results in a necessary check of the filesystem before use

52
Q

common journaling filesystems on linux

A
  • ext3fs
  • ext4fs
  • reiserfs
  • xfs
  • jfs
53
Q

command to check a filesystem for errors

A
  • fsck [options] [filesystem]

- run only on unmounted filesystems or on filesystems in read-only mode

54
Q

fsck switches

A
  • a to check all files
  • v to produce verbose output
  • n to display what would happen without performing the action
55
Q

command for disk monitoring by partition

A
  • df [option] [file]

i. e. df -h

56
Q

command for disk monitoring by directory

A
  • du [options] [directories]

- reports how much disk space each directory consumes

57
Q

df switches

A
  • a include all filesystems
  • B use scaled units
  • i summarize inodes
  • l local filesystems only
  • display filesystem type
  • t limit by filesystem type
58
Q

du switches

A
  • a all
  • d print the total for a directory or file only if it is N or fewer levels (max depth)
  • c produce a grand total
59
Q

command to mount a filesystem

A

mount [-alrsvw] [-t fstype] [-o options] device dir

60
Q

command to unmount a filesystem

A

umount [directory]

61
Q

file used to perisistently mount

A

/etc/fstab

62
Q

mount switches

A
  • a mount all the filesystems listed in /etc/fstab
  • r mount in read-only mode
  • v produce verbose output
  • w read/write
  • t specify fs type
  • L and -U mount fs with specified label or UUID respectively
63
Q

BIOS

A
  • firmware that initiates process of booting an operating system on a computer
  • resides on mobo in rom, typically an electronicaly erasable programmable read-only memory (i.e. flash mem)
  • mostly only usable physically (stripped down in VMs)
64
Q

POST

A
  • power-on self-test
  • inits hardware to a known operational state (checks attached devices)
  • loads boot loader from boot device
  • passes control to the boot loader, which loads the OS
65
Q

option to disable for booting w/o keyboard

A

something similar to “halt-on”

66
Q

IRQs

A

interrupt request - a signal sent to the cpu to suspend current activity and handle some external event such as a keyboard input

67
Q

IRQ numbering

A

IRQs are numbered 0 to 15

68
Q

IRQ file

A

/proc/interrupts

69
Q

/proc filesystem

A

virtual filesystem - no actual files just kernel data represented using a filesystem

70
Q

I/O addresses

A

unique locations in memory reserved for comms between cpu and physical hardware devices

71
Q

I/O addresses file

A

/proc/ioports

72
Q

DMA

A
  • direct memory addressing is an alternative method of communication to I/O ports where devices directly communicate without cpu
73
Q

DMA file

A

/proc/dma

74
Q

coldplug device

A

device intended to be disconnected only when computer has no power

75
Q

PCI access mode

A
  • BIOS
  • Mmconfig, uses protocol of same name to detect pci devices
  • Direct, uses linux specific direct-detection system
  • any, tries mmconfig followed by Direct followed by BIOS
  • most of the time pci is configured ‘any’ and walks up this tree
76
Q

expansion cards

A
  • most require configuration by OS to reserve resources for these
77
Q

command to display pci information

A

lspci

78
Q

lspci switches

A
  • v produce verbose output
  • n display info in numeric codes
  • nn display both manufacturer and device name and associated codes
  • x displays pci configuration space for each device as a hexadecimal dump
  • b shows IRQ numbers and other data as seen by devices
  • t displays a tree view depicting relationship b/w devices
  • s displays only devices which match the listed specs (used to trim results)
79
Q

kernel modules

A

stand-alone driver files

80
Q

directory for kernel modules

A

/lib/modules

81
Q

responsible for loading kernel modules

A

lsmod (no options)

82
Q

command to display info about kernel modules

A

modinfo or modprobe

83
Q

command to see memory consumed by kernel modules

A

lsmod

84
Q

command to insert a module

A

insmod (use modprobe instead)

85
Q

pros for modprobe

A
  • automatically loads dependency modules
  • add kernel options to the end of the command line
  • specify module by name rather than filename
86
Q

configure file for modprobe

A

/etc/modprobe.conf

87
Q

modprobe switches

A
  • v verbose output
  • r remove mod
  • l list modules
  • f force even if kernel version isn’t a match
  • n dry run
88
Q

USB 2.0 speeds

A

up to 480Mbps

89
Q

USB 3.0 speeds

A

up to 4.8Gbps

90
Q

usb filesystem

A

/proc/bus/usb

91
Q

command for usb management

A

lsusb

92
Q

lsusb switches

A

lsusb utility displays basic info

  • v verbose output about each product
  • s restricts output to specified bus and device number
  • d vendor and product codes
  • t displays device list as a tree to more easily see connected controllers
  • -version displays version of the lsusb utility and exits

CompTIA Linux+ (10 decks)

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