hard topics

Question 1

computational thinking

Answer 1

the thought processes involved in formulating problems so their solutions can be represented as computational steps and algorithms

Question 2

connectionism

Answer 2

a learning theory that presents learning as the result of a connection between a stimulus and a response. A stimulus is a thing or occurrence that brings about a result, and a response is a result or outcome.

Question 3

cognitive mapping

Answer 3

a mental picture or image of the layout of the physical environment

Question 4

WWII’s role

Answer 4

the war demanded rapid progression of such technology, resulting in the production of new computers of unprecedented power
the emergence of social and cultural psychology as legitimate areas of science

Question 5

embodied cognition

Answer 5

the mind emerges from relations between brain, body, and world

Question 6

gibson’s theory

Answer 6

Perception is a direct, bottom-up process. Perception doesn’t require the use of past knowledge or the interpretation of sensory data.
Sensory data is rich, complex, and sufficient to make accurate environmental judgments.
Perception is an innate process that is a result of evolution.

Question 6

bierdeman’s recognition-by-components theory

Answer 6

According to RBC theory, we are able to recognize objects by separating them into geons (the object’s main component parts).

Question 7

affordances in gibson’s theory

Answer 7

the quality or property of an object that defines its possible uses or makes clear how it can or should be used

Question 8

blindsight in being consciously aware

Answer 8

A neurological condition where someone can perceive the location of an object despite being cortically blind
we process more information than we are aware of

Question 9

optic flow

Answer 9

the pattern of apparent motion of objects, surfaces, and edges in a visual scene caused by the relative motion between an observer and a scene

Question 9

apperceptive agnosia

Answer 9

trouble recognizing objects even though you have typical vision

Question 10

ambient optic array

Answer 10

the structured arrangement of light with respect to a point of observation.

Question 11

perception/action approach

Answer 11

the new sensory stimulation is not divorced from the actions that generated it; rather, the two are paired together. That is, the mind learns the pairing of changes in sensory stimulation along with the actions that caused them

Question 12

associative agnosia

Answer 12

impairment in recognition or assigning meaning to a stimulus that is accurately perceived

Question 13

experience error

Answer 13

• What you see isn’t what you get
  
  • The false assumption that the structure of the world is directly given from our senses
    Visual illusions illustrate that we don’t always perceive an accurate representation of a visual stimulus

Question 14

expertise hypothesis

Answer 14

putatively face-specific mechanisms are actually domain-general, and can be recruited for the perception of other objects of expertise

Question 15

where and what pathways

Answer 15

where: the location of objects in space and for the guidance of actions
what: support the processing of visual information about the identity of objects

Question 16

the role of binding in visual search

Answer 16

allows us to memorize not only separate visual features, such as colors, shapes, and orientations, but also their specific conjunctions that characterize objects in the visual world

Question 17

triesman’s model

Answer 17

retains both the idea of an early selection process, as well as the mechanism by which physical cues are used as the primary point of discrimination

Question 18

broadbent’s model

Answer 18

a filter acts as a buffer on incoming sensory information to select what information gains conscious awareness

Question 19

posner cueing task

Answer 19

designed to measure the time it takes to re-orient attention from one side of the visual field to the other, when a misleading cue was given

Question 20

covert attention

Answer 20

allowing the brain to attend to an object without moving the eyes toward that object

Question 21

overt attention

Answer 21

the brain to attend to an object with moving the eyes toward that object

Question 22

attention as a spotlight

Answer 22

attention operates like a beam or a moving spotlight; i.e., stimuli on which the spotlight is focused are selected for priority processing at the expense of stimuli being presented outside

Question 23

attenuation model

Answer 23

the selective filter distinguishes between two messages on the basis of their physical characteristics, such as location, intensity and pitch

Question 24

baddeley’s model

Answer 24

the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, the central executive, and the episodic buffer

Question 25

echoic memory

Answer 25

the sensory memory that registers specific to auditory information

Question 26

coding acoustically

Answer 26

Remembering something by storing the sound of its verbal expression rather than its meaning or the physical movements required to articulate it

Question 27

articulatory suppression

Answer 27

the process of inhibiting memory performance by speaking while being presented with an item to remember

Question 28

word length effect

Answer 28

word length effect

Question 29

components of WM

Answer 29

visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, executive control, and episodic buffer.

Question 30

central executive role

Answer 30

responsible for controlled processing in working memory, including but not limited to, directing attention, maintaining task goals, decision making, and memory retrieval.

Question 31

sperling’s test

Answer 31

The participants of the study were asked to look at the letters for approximately 1/20th of a second and recall them soon afterward. During this procedure, described as free recall, the participants were able, on average, to recall 4 to 5 of the 9 letters which they had seen

Question 32

operation span task

Answer 32

maintaining the task goal of memorizing items and recalling them in the correct serial order while concurrently performing distracting math problems

Question 33

visual-spatial sketchpad role

Answer 33

processes visual information (the visual cache) and spatial information (the inner scribe)

Question 34

WM vs STM

Answer 34

held that short-term memory is super quick: It stores information briefly. Working memory is related to short-term memory, but it lasts slightly longer and is involved in the manipulation of information.

Question 35

multiple trace theory

Answer 35

every item ever encoded, from birth to death, will exist in this matrix as multiple traces

Question 36

von restorff effect

Answer 36

the proven psychological theory that the more something stands out from the crowd the more likely it is to be seen

Question 37

craik + lockhart’s view

Answer 37

The level or depth of processing of a stimulus has a large effect on its memorability

Question 38

levels of processing theory

Answer 38

the way information is encoded affects how well it is remembered

Question 38

encoding specificity theory

Answer 38

memories are linked to the context in which they are created

Question 39

reconsolidation

Answer 39

the process of replacing or disrupting a stored memory with a new version of the memory

Question 40

initial consolidation

Answer 40

synaptic consolidation takes place within minutes to hours of memory encoding or learning

Question 41

systems consolidation

Answer 41

the process by which memories become independent of the hippocampus and stored in regions of the neocortex
takes up to 2 decades

Question 42

tulving + thomson

Answer 42

the distinction between episodic and semantic memory

Question 43

synaptic consolidation

Answer 43

allows relevant memories to be consolidated within a single synapse, so that new memories can no longer alter previously consolidated ones

Question 44

dual-coding theory

Answer 44

a theory that posits the existence of two interconnected subsystems in the human cognitive system: a verbal system and an imagery system

Question 45

semantic processing

Answer 45

the stage of language processing that occurs after one hears a word and encodes its meaning: the mind relates the word to other words with similar meanings