hard topics Flashcards
computational thinking
the thought processes involved in formulating problems so their solutions can be represented as computational steps and algorithms
connectionism
a learning theory that presents learning as the result of a connection between a stimulus and a response. A stimulus is a thing or occurrence that brings about a result, and a response is a result or outcome.
cognitive mapping
a mental picture or image of the layout of the physical environment
WWII’s role
the war demanded rapid progression of such technology, resulting in the production of new computers of unprecedented power
the emergence of social and cultural psychology as legitimate areas of science
embodied cognition
the mind emerges from relations between brain, body, and world
gibson’s theory
Perception is a direct, bottom-up process. Perception doesn’t require the use of past knowledge or the interpretation of sensory data.
Sensory data is rich, complex, and sufficient to make accurate environmental judgments.
Perception is an innate process that is a result of evolution.
bierdeman’s recognition-by-components theory
According to RBC theory, we are able to recognize objects by separating them into geons (the object’s main component parts).
affordances in gibson’s theory
the quality or property of an object that defines its possible uses or makes clear how it can or should be used
blindsight in being consciously aware
A neurological condition where someone can perceive the location of an object despite being cortically blind
we process more information than we are aware of
optic flow
the pattern of apparent motion of objects, surfaces, and edges in a visual scene caused by the relative motion between an observer and a scene
apperceptive agnosia
trouble recognizing objects even though you have typical vision
ambient optic array
the structured arrangement of light with respect to a point of observation.
perception/action approach
the new sensory stimulation is not divorced from the actions that generated it; rather, the two are paired together. That is, the mind learns the pairing of changes in sensory stimulation along with the actions that caused them
associative agnosia
impairment in recognition or assigning meaning to a stimulus that is accurately perceived
experience error
- What you see isn’t what you get
- The false assumption that the structure of the world is directly given from our senses
Visual illusions illustrate that we don’t always perceive an accurate representation of a visual stimulus
- The false assumption that the structure of the world is directly given from our senses
expertise hypothesis
putatively face-specific mechanisms are actually domain-general, and can be recruited for the perception of other objects of expertise
where and what pathways
where: the location of objects in space and for the guidance of actions
what: support the processing of visual information about the identity of objects
the role of binding in visual search
allows us to memorize not only separate visual features, such as colors, shapes, and orientations, but also their specific conjunctions that characterize objects in the visual world
triesman’s model
retains both the idea of an early selection process, as well as the mechanism by which physical cues are used as the primary point of discrimination
broadbent’s model
a filter acts as a buffer on incoming sensory information to select what information gains conscious awareness
posner cueing task
designed to measure the time it takes to re-orient attention from one side of the visual field to the other, when a misleading cue was given
covert attention
allowing the brain to attend to an object without moving the eyes toward that object
overt attention
the brain to attend to an object with moving the eyes toward that object
attention as a spotlight
attention operates like a beam or a moving spotlight; i.e., stimuli on which the spotlight is focused are selected for priority processing at the expense of stimuli being presented outside
attenuation model
the selective filter distinguishes between two messages on the basis of their physical characteristics, such as location, intensity and pitch
baddeley’s model
the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, the central executive, and the episodic buffer
echoic memory
the sensory memory that registers specific to auditory information
coding acoustically
Remembering something by storing the sound of its verbal expression rather than its meaning or the physical movements required to articulate it
articulatory suppression
the process of inhibiting memory performance by speaking while being presented with an item to remember
word length effect
word length effect
components of WM
visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, executive control, and episodic buffer.
central executive role
responsible for controlled processing in working memory, including but not limited to, directing attention, maintaining task goals, decision making, and memory retrieval.
sperling’s test
The participants of the study were asked to look at the letters for approximately 1/20th of a second and recall them soon afterward. During this procedure, described as free recall, the participants were able, on average, to recall 4 to 5 of the 9 letters which they had seen
operation span task
maintaining the task goal of memorizing items and recalling them in the correct serial order while concurrently performing distracting math problems
visual-spatial sketchpad role
processes visual information (the visual cache) and spatial information (the inner scribe)
WM vs STM
held that short-term memory is super quick: It stores information briefly. Working memory is related to short-term memory, but it lasts slightly longer and is involved in the manipulation of information.
multiple trace theory
every item ever encoded, from birth to death, will exist in this matrix as multiple traces
von restorff effect
the proven psychological theory that the more something stands out from the crowd the more likely it is to be seen
craik + lockhart’s view
The level or depth of processing of a stimulus has a large effect on its memorability
levels of processing theory
the way information is encoded affects how well it is remembered
encoding specificity theory
memories are linked to the context in which they are created
reconsolidation
the process of replacing or disrupting a stored memory with a new version of the memory
initial consolidation
synaptic consolidation takes place within minutes to hours of memory encoding or learning
systems consolidation
the process by which memories become independent of the hippocampus and stored in regions of the neocortex
takes up to 2 decades
tulving + thomson
the distinction between episodic and semantic memory
synaptic consolidation
allows relevant memories to be consolidated within a single synapse, so that new memories can no longer alter previously consolidated ones
dual-coding theory
a theory that posits the existence of two interconnected subsystems in the human cognitive system: a verbal system and an imagery system
semantic processing
the stage of language processing that occurs after one hears a word and encodes its meaning: the mind relates the word to other words with similar meanings
