hard engineering Flashcards
sea wall
refracts wave energy at the foot of the cliff,
protects the land by effectively stopping erosion at the base of the cliff
can incorporate promenade which can attract tourists contributing to the economy e.g. Vancouver
however, they’re expensive to build £6000 a meter
need constant maintenance
like the Japan 2011 in cases of tsunamis water can override it and get into land or moreover breach it
groynes
these are rock structures built in the sea at a right angle effectively builds up beach levels
protects the land behind
however, it can starve the beach further up the beach which may increase erosion there and expose it to further recession
also expensive £5000 to 10,000 for 200 meter
soft engineering sand dunes
Created and maintained through deposition they provide a valuable store of sand helping to regulate beach levels
provide an important amenity and wildlife value
Natural looking so they blend with the coast and also pleasing to look at may increase tourism as an attraction
They also widen the beach to dissipate waves
However, they’re highly susceptible to erosion which a huge downfall in coastal erosion
Beach Nourishment
sand and shingles are added to the beach to widen it and increase the distance a wave has to travel so that its power is weakened and its energy is reduced which decreases its erosive powers
natural looking blends with the existing beach
however, constant maintenance is needed due to the natural processes of erosion and longshore drift
cliff regarding and drainage
inserting pipes within the cliff to remove excess water and is open to wave erosion
this prevents mass movement and clay build-up
drainage is cost-effective
however, drained cliffs can dry out and cause the cliff to collapse as well as it effectively causing the cliff to retreat which is what we are trying to prevent by management plans
ICTM
holistic management created by the East Riding of Yorkshire council involving 80 organisations developed to create sustainable strategies to manage coastal retreatment
it’s sustainable as it looks at it from a holistic approach in handling management but also plans for the long term but coming to a decision as a whole with different stakeholders is rather difficult as each one will be acting in their own interest.
there are 4 different management options for a holistic approach
no active intervention- the coast is left to erode or flood letting nature take its course whilst letting existing defences to collapse
hold the line- build coastal defences so that the shoreline remains the same over time maintaining its current position
advance the line- this involves extending the coastline out at to sea by encouraging the build-up of wider beach using beach nourishment methods and groyne construction
managed retreat/strategic realignment- allowing the coastline to retreat so purposely flooding or breaching of flood banks built to protect low lying farmland it but in a managed way. this can create salt marsh environment
ICZM and SMP
ICZM was used to develop the Flamborough Head to Gibraltar point Shoreline Management Plan. these are the points (northern and southern limits of major sediment cells on England East coast
Holderness and SMP
the Holderness SMP set out to manage and respond to coastal recession for the next 100 years
assess potential erosion and flood risks and identifies the best management for the whole area taking into account the influences of and needs of the human, natural, historic environment
who are the different players’ stakeholders in the SMP for Holderness
environmental stakeholders- English heritage
Local government- Lincolnshire county council, East Lindsey district council
economic stakeholders- National Farmers Union
National government- Natural England, Environemtal agency
