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Geography - Coasts > Hard and soft engineering > Flashcards

Hard and soft engineering Flashcards

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1
Q

How does beach nourishment and re-profiling work?

A

Addition of sand or pebbles to an existing beach to make it wider - is usually dredged from nearby seabed

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2
Q

What are the advantages of beach nourishment and re-profiling?

A

Cheap
Easy to maintain
Looks natural and blends with existing beach
Increases tourist potential by creating bigger beach

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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of beach nourishment and re-profiling?

A

Needs constant maintenance because of the natural processes of erosion and longshore drift

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4
Q

What is the cost of beach nourishment and re-profiling?

A

£300,000/100m

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5
Q

What is an example of beach nourishment and replenishment?

A

Bournemouth beach

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6
Q

What is cliff regrading and drainage?

A

Reduces the angle of the cliff to help stabilise it. Drainage removes water to prevent landslides and slumping

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7
Q

What are the advantages of cliff regrading and drainage?

A

Effective on clay or loose

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8
Q

How long is a Holderness coast?

A

50km

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9
Q

What makes Holderness coast the most rapidly eroding coastline in Europe?

A

Combination of clay geology and a high energy environment

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10
Q

What landforms are along the Holderness coast?

A

Flamborough Head
Holderness Cliffs
Spurn Head

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11
Q

What is Flamborough Head?

A

A class arch, stack and wave-cut platform - caused by wave quarrying

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12
Q

What are the Holderness cliffs?

A

Cliffs formed by material left by ice sheets

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13
Q

How fast are the Holderness cliffs retreating at?

A

1.8m per year

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14
Q

What erosion takes place on the Holderness Cliffs?

A

Rainwater enters clay and the weight of the water causes material to slide seawards

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15
Q

What is Spurn Head?

A

Sediment is deposited creating a fragile recurved spit

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16
Q

How fast does Spurn Head spit grow?

A

10cm a year

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17
Q

What are the physical factors that affect the Holderness Coast?

A

Weather
Waves
Geology

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18
Q

How does weather affect the Holderness coast?

A

Winter storms produce stronger waves and higher sea levels. This leads to increased erosion - saturated cliffs leads to slumping

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19
Q

How does waves affect the Holderness coast?

A

Dominant waves are from the North-East. Destructive waves erode beaches and attack the foot of the cliff

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20
Q

How does Geology affect the Holderness coast?

A

Two main types of rock found are chalk and boulder clay. Boulder clay easily erode

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21
Q

What management is along the Holderness coast?

A

Sea wall

Gabions
Rip-rap
Beach nourishment
Do nothing

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22
Q

What sea wall is located along the Holderness coast?

A

Situated at high value areas at Hornsea and Withernsea

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23
Q

What Gabions are located along the Holderness coast?

A

The wire cages holding small rocks are located at Skipsea

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24
Q

What rip-rap is located along the Holderness coast?

A

Large rocks in front of sea walls/cliffs to absorb waves like Easington

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25
Q

Where is beach nourishment located along the Holderness coast?

A

Hornsea and Mappleton

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26
Q

Where are they ‘Doing Nothing’ along the Holderness coast?

A

Neck of Spurn he’d as its growing so fast

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27
Q

Where is the Holderness Coast?

A

East Coast of England

28
Q

Where is Christchurch Bay?

A

Dorset and part of Hampshire on South Coast

29
Q

What is Christchurch between?

A

Hengistbury Head and Hurst Castle Spit

30
Q

What coastal processes take place on Christchurch Bay?

A

Littoral drift brings sediment onto Bournemouth Coast - some gets deposited onto Hengisbury Head, some leaks round to Hurst Castle spit

31
Q

What coastal processes specifically take place on Barton-on-sea?

A

Marine processes - hydraulic action and abrasion
Sub-aerial processes - slumping and rock fall
Geology - impermeable land lies under permeable land causing land slides

32
Q

What coastal management in on Hengistbury head (affluent)?

A

Long Groyne - 215m long, disguised by rock to give a natural look
Rip-rap
10 rubbles groins on east coast

33
Q

What coastal management is on Barton-on-sea? (less affluent)

A

Cliffs have been regraded to improve stability

Slumping and rock fall acts as a natural barrier

34
Q

How quickly does Christchurch Bay erode per year without management?

A

1-2m

35
Q

What other area is affluent on Christchurch Bay that isn’t Hengistbury head?

A

Milford-on-sea

36
Q

What management is on Milford on sea?

A

Sea wall

Wooden groynes

37
Q

What is the main aim of the Odisha ICZM?

A

Promote sustainable use of natural resources while maintaining the natural environment
Protect environment
Establish sustainable levels of economic and social activity

38
Q

Who are the main organisations involved in Odisha’s ICZM?

A

Ministry of forest and environment
Indian government
The World Bank

39
Q

What are the issues identifies by the ICZM?

A 
Coastal erosion 
Assessing vulnerability to disaster 
Biodiversity conservation
Livelihood security 
Pollution and environmental quality management
40
Q

How have people adapted to the risks of coastal erosion and tropical storms in Odisha?

A

Provided relief supplies
Broadcasted warning
Conducted stages evacuations

41
Q

How has the ICZM helped mitigate against coastal erosion and tropical storms?

A

Mangroves

42
Q

Where is the Odisha coast?

A

South-East Coast of India

43
Q

How long is the Odisha coast?

A

480km long

44
Q

How big is India’s population?

A

46 million

45
Q

How many deltas does the Odisha coastline have?

A

6 - hence the name of Hexadeltaic region

46
Q

How big is the mangrove forest on the Odisha coast?

A

1435km2

47
Q

What is the salty lagoon called on the Odisha coast?

A

Chilika Lake

48
Q

How can you see Odisha coastline as a system?

A

Six major rivers feed sediment into the system

Chilika Lake is an important store

49
Q

What are the main opportunities for humans development on the Odisha coast?

A

Tourism
Jobs in coastal fishing, aquaculture, offshore oil mining,
35% of coastline is laden with substantial sediment minerals and heavy metal deposits
Huge potential for wind, tidal and wave power
Large stock of marine animals

50
Q

How much of Odisha’s coastline is laden with substantial sediment minerals and heavy metal deposits?

A

35%

51
Q

What animals is there a large stock own the Odisha coast?

A 
Fish
Marine mammals 
Reptiles 
Olive Ridley Turtle 
Seagrass meadows
52
Q

What are the main risks for human development and occupation in Odisha?

A

Majority of the state live on coastal plain
As ITCZ moves north in the Summer it brings storms
Accretiom occurs driving general summer conditions where there are low-energy waves and erosion in winter with high-energy waves

53
Q

What are the shoreline management policy options?

A

Hold the line
Managed realignment
No active intervention
Advance the line

54
Q

What is holding the line?

A

Maintain or upgrade the level of protection provided by defences or natural coastline

55
Q

What is managed realignment?

A

Manage the coastal processes to realign the ‘natural’ coastline configuration, either seaward or landward, in order to create a future sustainable shoreline position.

56
Q

What is no active intervention?

A

A decision not to invest in providing or maintaining defences or natural coastline.

57
Q

What is advance the line?

A

Build new defences seaward of the existing defence line where significant land reclamation is considered.

58
Q

How many SMP’s are there across England?

A

22

59
Q

What management is being done at Hurst Spit?

A

Hold the line

60
Q

How are they holding the line at Hurst Spit?

A

Maintaining revetments

61
Q

What management policy is being done at Milford on sea?

A

Holding the line

62
Q

How are they holding the line at Milford on sea?

A

Maintaining beach defences

63
Q

What management is being done at Barton-on-sea?

A

Stabilise cliff

Cliff drainage

64
Q

What management policy is being done at Durlston Head?

A

No active intervention

65
Q

What is the aim of SMP’s?

A

To identify the most sustainable approach to managing the flood and coastal erosion risks to the coastline

66
Q

What do SMP’s aim to plan for?

A 
Short term (0-20 years)
Medium term (20-50 years)
Long term (50-100 years)
67
Q

What are the key features of SMP’s?

A

Provide assessment and framework of risk
Address risks sustainably
Provide plan for coastal defence
Promote long-term polices
Be environmentally, socially and economically sustainable
Ensure plans comply with international legislation

Geography - Coasts (7 decks)

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