HAPPINESS Flashcards
refers to the attainment of subjective wellbeing (SWB).
HAPPINESS
encompasses how people evaluate their own lives in terms of both affective (how we feel) and cognitive components (what we think) of well-being (Diener et al., 1999)
SUBJECTIVE WELL BEING
SWB =
satisfaction with life + high positive affect + low negative affect
Diener on the other hand argues that Happiness refers to
discrepancy between the present situation and what is thought to be the ideal or deserved standard
He further mentioned that one is satisfied when
there is little or no discrepancy between the present and what is thought to be an ideal or deserved situation.
is a result of a substantial discrepancy between present conditions and the ideal standard.
DISSATISFACTION
Dissatisfaction can also be a result of
comparing oneself with others (Boniwell & Tunariu, 2019).
efers to the emotional side of wellbeing including moods and emotions associated with experiencing momentary events (Diener et al., 1999a).
AFFECT
People with higher levels of SWB tend to demonstrate
higher levels of creativity, increased task persistence, multitasking, being systematic, optimism, attending to relevant negative information; longevity, less vulnerability to illness, sociability, trust, helpfulness, and less hostility and less self-centeredness (Boniwell & Tunariu, 2019).
Income may influence wellbeing because wealthier nations appear to have…
equality, human rights, democracy, literacy, and people live a longer life.
countries with higher income tend to have..
more competitiveness, more materialism and less time for socializing and leisure.
Is correlated with happiness in men, not in women
INCOME
is related to depression for husbands, not for wives
LOW PERSONAL INCOME
is related to depression for single but not married women
LOW INCOME
Gallup-Healthways Wellbeing Index poll recently found that people need to spend… HOURS PER DAY IN SOCIAL SETTINGS… and up to… if your job is stressful
six to seven ; nine
are greatest predictors and facilitators of SWB.
SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
…has rejected the concept of gross national product (GNP) as the measurement of its country’s success, and introduced..
BHUTAN ; GNH
encompasses how people evaluate their own lives in terms of affective and cognitive components (Diener, 2000)
SUBJECTIVE WELL BEING
(SWLS)
Satisfaction with Life Scale
(PANAS)
Positive and Negative Activation Schedule
has been employed in order to reduce memory biases.
Experience Sampling Methods (ESM)
The most widely known global wellbeing poll, which boasts data from over 98 percent of the world’s population
Gallup World Poll.
Wellbeing Finder instrument concluded that five elements were essential for overall wellbeing:
CAREER, SOCIAL, FINANCIAL, PHYSICAL, COMMUNITY WELLBEING
This represents where you spend most of your time during the day,
CAREER WB
this represents your relationships and experiences of love,
SOCIAL WB
represents how well you can manage your financial situation
FINANCIAL WB
represents your ability to have good health and energy
PHYSICAL WB
represents your role and participation within the community you live in.
COMMUNITY WB
It indicates that there are five ways to wellbeing,
FORESIGHT REPORT
FIVE WAYS TO WELLBEING
CONNECT, BE ACTIVE, TAKE NOTICE, KEEP LEARNING, GIVE
Following from the exciting research on savouring, this element refers to research that demonstrates that ‘stopping to smell the roses’ actually can enhance our wellbeing.
TAKE NOTICE
When we build connections with people around us, we experience higher levels of wellbeing as well as stronger resilience in the face of adversity.
CONNECT
By engaging the brain and challenging yourself to keep learning, you can enhance levels of wellbeing.
KEEP LEARNING
As discussed in more detail within Chapter 9, an important part of wellbeing is taking care of the body as well as the mind.
BE ACTIVE
As seen in results from random acts of kindness research, people experience high levels of wellbeing when they give something or their time to others.
GIVE
HIGHEST COUNTRY WB
NORWAY, DENMARK, IRELAND, SWITZERLAND, FINLAND
LOWEST COUNTRY WB
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, BURUNDI, TANZANIA, SYRIA
Research indicates that the majority of the happiest countries are situated in the
northern part of the hemisphere where there is not a lot of sun and there is limited light.
When people do not see light or sun for long periods of time they can experience
seasonal affective disorder (SAD) or depression from the lack of sunlight.
There appears to be a strong genetic influence on an individual’s well-being.
Dynamic Equilibrium Theory
The theory states that personality determines baseline levels of emotional responses
Dynamic Equilibrium Theory
is the area of biological research that looks at the causal interactions between genes and the environment (Curley and Keverne, 2009: 347).
EPIGENETICS
According to Sonja Lyubomirsky the determining factors of happiness is in these proportions
10% caused by environment, 40 % caused by things that you do and 50 % caused by genetics.
which posits that happy periods in our life are inevitably followed by negative periods, which cancel each other out, and thus any attempt to increase happiness will be unsuccessful.
ZERO-SUM THEORY
is what we feel when we get what we want
NATURAL HAPPINESS
s what we make when we don’t get what we want.
SYNTHETIC HAPPINESS
With social comparison, we can compare our situation, attractiveness and wealth to others either in an upward or downward spiral.
Relative Standards Model
have been linked to increased instances of depression and lowered SWB.
STATUS ANXIETY AND MATERIALISM
placing high value on love correlates positively with
LIFE SATISFACTION
has now been replaced with the ‘tyranny of freedom’, where more choice isn’t necessarily a good thing (Schwartz, 2000; Schwartz et al., 2002).
FREEDOM OF CHOICE
An abundance of choice has led to three leading problems for consumers and citizens of Western societies.
INFORMATION, ERROR, PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
are individuals who are able to choose items that meet their minimum criteria and go for ‘what’s good enough’
SATISFICERS
on are individuals who fixate on searching for all the possible options and look for the best possible choice.
MAXIMIZERS
Which means that as the choices available to us rise, so do our expectations
Escalation of expectations.
he hours that we spend sifting through the multitude of choice takes away from the time spent on more
TIME
There are three health categories:
a) the likelihood a person will contract a specific illness;
b) how long a person lives after contracting a life threatening illness and
c) how long a person’s lifespan is
in what awaits us on the ‘other side’.
COMFORTING BELIEFS
There may be a lot of factors to consider but researchers proposed that for a religion to enhance wellbeing, there are elements needed (Diener & Biswas-Diener,2008) such as:
Comforting beliefs, Social support,Connecting to something permanent and important, Growing up religiously, Experience of rituals
The theory explains that when we are committed to a set of goals, it provides us a sense of personal agency and a sense of structure and meaning to daily life’ (Diener et al., 1999: 284).
GOAL THEORIES
IN ACHIEVING OUR GOAL WE TEND TO USE AIM APPROACH…. MEANING
ATTENTION, INTERPRETATION, MEMORY
Refers to our tendency to put together a story when all the facts are not yet presented.
ATTENTION
Refers to our tendency to put together a story when all the facts are not yet presented
INTERPRETATION
There are six main destructive thinking patterns that we tend to default to when interpreting events:
AWFULIZING, DISSTRESS INTOLERANCE, LEARNED HELPLESSNESS, PERFECTIONISM, NEGATIVE SELF-FULFILLING EXPECTANCIES, AND REJECTION GOOGLES
Exaggerating a negative event or person beyond what is objectively true.
AWFULIZING
A perception that individuals adopt that tells them that they will not be able to recover or withstand potentially traumatic events.
DISTRESS INTOLERANCE
this is when people adopt a mentality that they have no control over their negative situations and give up.
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
Individuals who use this tend to fixate on the minute details and only accept excellence.
PERFECTIONISM
The phenomenon of eliciting negative responses from others via a person’s previous communications with others.
Negative self-fulfilling expectancies.
This is when people identify and fixate on rejection, even when it may not exist in the situation. (Adapted from Diener and Biswas-Diener, 2008)
Rejection goggles
Relates to the large body of research showing that recalling and savouring past positive events and experiences leads to enhanced wellbeing.
MEMORY
