Handout #2 & 3 - CV Adjustments to Exercise Flashcards
What are the three general CV responses to exercise and their values at rest vs. max exercise?
- Increase CO
– Rest = 5L/min- Max = 20L/min
- Redistribute CO
– Rest = 25% to muscles- Max = 85% to muscles
- Increase Venous Return
– Rest = 5L/min- Max = 20L/min
_____ and ______ have to be matched precisely to continue exercise.
Cardiac output; venous return
List three ways the ANS increases cardiac output?
- Decrease PNA to SA node (release brake)
- Increase SNA to SA node (foot on pedal)
- Increase SNA to LV, which increases SV
How does the ANS redistribute cardiac output?
Increases SNA to non contracting tissues to cause arterioles to restrict blood flood to those areas
How does the ANS increase venous return?
Increase SNA to veins - venoconstriction to push blood back to heart
Fick equation
VO2 = CO x a-VO2diff
FYI: CO = SV x HR
VO2 is defined as…
The rate of which you are delivering and utilizing O2
VO2 max is defined as…
Max capacity to consume O2 and produce ATP
Average VO2max values for active college males/females are…
- Males - 45 ml/kg/min
- Females - 38 ml/kg/min
How is VO2 expressed in non weight bearing exercise vs weight bearing exercise?
- Non weight bearing - L/min
- Weight bearing - ml/kg/min
What causes the initial HR increase and further increase of HR?
- Initial - vagal withdrawal increases HR to ~100bpm
- Further increases in HR - Increases in SNA
List two ways SV increases with exercise intensity?
- Increased preload due to increased venous return
- Increased LV contractility due to SNA
______ doesn’t help increase SV.
Afterload
(Pressure LV must overcome to eject blood)
Preload is the initial ______ of _____ ventricle prior to contraction.
stretch; left
As SV increases preload ______, which increases _______ formation and ____ sensitivity.
Increases; cross bridge; calcium
Contractility is the ____ of contraction at a given _____.
Contraction; preload
How does the SNS increase contractility?
- Increased SNA to myocytes increases contractility due to increased intracellular Ca++
- Ca++ also comes from extracellular sources and SR
a-vO2 represents…
The amount of oxygen extraction
Arterial O2 content > muscles extract O2 > venous O2 content
a-vO2 difference increases due to…
- Increased muscle fiber recruitment
- Increased O2 extraction by tissues
What is the mean arterial pressure and right atrial pressure at rest and during exercise?
- Mean Arterial Pressure (blood flow to tissues)
– Rest = 90 mmHG- Max = 120-150 mmHg
- Right Atrial Pressure (blood flow heart)
– Rest = 0 mmHG- Max = 0 mmHg
Why does the right arterial pressure remain at 0 mmHg at rest and exercise?
To increase the pressure gradient from aorta to RA favors blood flow back to the heart.
Venous return increases during exercise from what four mechanisms?
- Increased pressure gradient from aorta to RA
- Venoconstriction via SNS
- Muscle pump - muscle contraction squeeze veins to push blood back to heart
- Respiratory pump
SVR stands for…
Systemic vascular resistance
What happens to SVR during exercise?
Decreases due to dilation of arterioles in active muscles.