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KINE 638 > Handout #1 – Intro to CVS > Flashcards

Handout #1 – Intro to CVS Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary circuit provides BF to ___ and is a ___ pressure circuit.

A

Lungs; low

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2
Q

Systemic circuit provides BF to ___ and is a ___ pressure circuit.

A

Tissues; high

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3
Q

Why are arteries and veins well suited to provide BF to/from tissues?

A

Larger, thicker walls to prevent O2 diffusion

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4
Q

Microcirculation include…

A

Arterioles, capillaries, and venules

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5
Q

Microcirculation regulates…

A

BF, BP, and exchange*

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6
Q

What are the three CV adjustments to exercise?

A
  1. Increase CO
  2. Redistribute CO to working muscles
  3. Increase Venous Return
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7
Q

Pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

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8
Q

Delay station (to allow heart to fill)

A

AV node

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9
Q

What is the role of gap junctions?

A

Electrically connect myocytes so ventricles can contract in unison

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10
Q

Prolonged AP…

A

Aids in LV filling and prevents tetany (constant contraction)

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11
Q

Coronary arteries are critical to providing BF to ___

A

Myocytes

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12
Q

Capillaries in the heart are responsible for…

A

O2 exchange

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13
Q

What is the role of mitochondria in the heart?

A

To produce ATP

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14
Q

Nerves in the heart are innervated by…

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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15
Q

Two branches of autonomic nervous system are…

A
  1. Parasympathetic
  2. Sympathetic
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16
Q

PNS is innervated via ____ nerve and has ___ attachments on the heart. The PNS is also known as the ______.

A

Vagus nerve
2
“Brake”

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17
Q

SNS is innervated via ____ nerve and has ___ attachments on the heart. The SNS is also known as the ______.

A

Sympathetic nerve
3
“Accelerator”

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18
Q

How does PNS regulate the heart?

A
  1. ACh binds to M2 receptors, which activates Gi protein.
  2. Gi protein is inhibitory, which decreases AC activity that decreases cAMP.
  3. HR and conduction velocity decline as a result
19
Q

How does SNS regulate the heart?

A
  1. NE binds to B receptors, which activates Gs protein.
  2. Gs protein is stimulatory, which increases AC activity that increases cAMP.
  3. Increase cAMP increases Ca++ entry
  4. HR and contractility increase
20
Q

Why is cAMP so influential?

A
  1. cAMP regulates protein kinase A (PKA)
  2. PKA determines phosphorylation state of Ca++
  3. Ca++ is critical to excitation and contraction coupling.
21
Q

All blood vessels except for ____ have the same three layer design.

A

Capillaries

22
Q

What are the three layer of a blood vessel and what do they contain?

A
  1. Intima (inner) - endothelium
  2. Media (middle) - smooth muscle, collagen
  3. Adventitia (outside) - connective tissues and nerves (anchors artery)
23
Q

Only blood vessel layer in direct contact with blood?

A

Intimia - Endothiel cells

24
Q

Arteries have large _____ that provide ____ resistance to blood flow

A

Lumens; low

25
Q

Why are artery walls thick?

A
  1. Withstand high pressure
  2. Prevent gas exchange
26
Q

Arteries have _____ fibers to propel blood forward.

A

Elastic

27
Q

Primary function of arteries vs. arterioles vs. capillaries

A
  1. Arteries - BF from heart to tissues
  2. Arterioles - Regulate BP and BF distribution
  3. Capillaries - gas/nutrient exchange
28
Q

Arterioles are AKA as the _____ because of their dilation and constrictive responses.

A

“Stopcox”

29
Q

______ cells regulate the diameter in arterioles.

A

Smooth muscle

30
Q

The arterioles are heavily innervated by ____ nerves and have no _____ nerves.

A

Sympathetic; parasympathetic

31
Q

Arteries ____ to effectively spread/deliver BF to tissues.

A

Branch

32
Q

______ are the only cell that doesn’t have three layers

A

Capillaries

33
Q

Key adaptations for capillaries are…

A
  1. Thin walls - increase exchange
  2. Large surface area for exchange
  3. Large CSA reduces BF velocity to absorb more O2
34
Q

Is capillary density the same in all muscles?

A

No.
CD is low in glycolytic

CD is high in oxidative

35
Q

What percentage of blood is housed in the veins?

A

70%

36
Q

What are the primary functions of veins?

A
  1. BF from tissues to heart
  2. Regulate CO and core body temp**

**Different job compared to other blood vessels

37
Q

Vein walls are comprised of _______ cells that are innervated by ____ nerves.

A

Smooth muscle; Sympathetic

38
Q

The smooth muscles cells in veins only contain ____ receptors.

A

Adrenergic (a)

39
Q

Do veins have parasympathetic innervation?

A

No.

40
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

To prevent back flow of blood

41
Q

Muscarinic receptors respond to the binding of….

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

42
Q

Adrenergic receptors respond to the binding of….

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

43
Q

Muscarinic receptors are G-coupled protein receptors involved in the ____ nervous system

A

parasympathetic

KINE 638 (3 decks)

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