Handout 2 Flashcards
It is a schematic description of a network arrangement, connecting various nodes (sender and receiver) through lines of connection (Huawei, 2022)
network topologies
this type of topology, the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node while all other nodes are connected to it
start topology
Topology-a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to a single cable.
bus topology
when bus topology has exactly 2 endpoints, it is called
linear bus topology
forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer, with the last one (1) connected to the first-exactly two (2) neighbors for each device.
ring topology
has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy.
tree topology
tree topology is also called
hierarchical topology
a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. All the network nodes are connected.
mesh topology
in this topology, some systems are connected in the same fashion as mesh topology, but some devices are only connected to two (2) or three (3) devices.
partial mesh topology
each node or device is connected.
full mesh topology
consists of a mix of two (2) different types of topologies merging as one network.
hybrid topology
It is the end-device of the data communication system. It provides the necessary functions required by the user access protocol operations
terminal device
terminal device includes this such as a PC, phone, hansets, printers, and servers
data terminal equipment (DTE)
a key component that connects directly to a device that allows access to a network such as an internet or a local network.
network interface card (NIC)
device closest to end-users, used to access the network and switch data frames.
switch
Switches belonging at the access layer are usually Layer 2 switches, also known as
ethernet switches
set of nodes that can receive broadcast packets from a node
broadcast domain
It is a network-layer device that forwards data packets on the Internet
router
device that connects a network to the Internet. It takes signals from your Internet service provider (ISP) and translates them into signals connected to the local devices.
modem
term for a router that provides functions such as protocol conversion, route selection, and data exchange when networks using different architectures or protocols communicate with each other.
gateway
network security device used to ensure secure communication between two networks.
firewall
It monitors, restricts, and modifies data flows passing through it to shield information, structure, and running status of internal networks from the public network
firewall
It controls the communication between the two networks and forcibly implements unified security policies to prevent unauthorized access to important information resources.
firewall
a network that uses radio waves, laser, and infrared signals to replace some or all transmission media in a wired LAN
wireless devices
applies to homes. It works independently and needs to be configured separately. It has simple functions and low costs.
fat access point (fat AP)
applies to medium- and large-sized enterprises. It needs to work with the AC and is managed and configured by the AC
fit access point (fat AP)
generally deployed at the aggregation layer of the entire network. The AC provides wireless data control services featuring large capacity, high performance, high reliability, easy installation, and easy maintenance.
access controller (AC)
generally covers an area of a few square kilometers The main function is to connect several terminals that are close to each other (within a family, within one or more buildings, within a campus, for example). Technologies used: Ethernet and Wi-Fi
local area network (LAN)
a large-sized LAN, requiring high costs but can provide a higher transmission rate. improves the transmission media in LANs and expands the access scope of LANs fable to cover a university campus or city) The main function is to connect hosts, databases, and LANs at different locations in the same ty
metropolitan area network (MAN)
generally covers an area of several kilometers or larger (thousands of kilometers for example). It is mainly used to connect several LANS or MANs that are far from each other for example, actas cities or countries). Telecom operators’ communication lines use HDLC and FFP
wide area network (WAN)
a descriptive network scheme. The OSI model describes how information or data makes its way from application programs through a network medium to another application program located on another network.
open systems interconnection (OSI) model
OSI layer that is closest to the user. It provides network services to the user’s applications such as spreadsheet programs, word processing programs, and bank terminal programs. It establishes the availability of intended communication partners, synchronizes, and establishes agreement on procedures for error recovery and control of data integrity.
layer 7: application layer
ensures that the information that the application layer of one (1) system sends out is readable by the application layer of another system. If necessary, it translates between multiple data formats by using a common format. Provides encryption and compression of data. Examples: JPEG, MPEG, ASCII, HTML
layer 6: presentation layer
defines how to start, control and end conversations (called sessions) between applications. It also synchronizes dialogue between two (2) hosts’ presentation layers and manages their data exchange
layer 5: session layer
regulates information flow to ensure end-to-end connectivity between host applications reliably and accurately. This layer segments data from the sending host’s system and reassembles the data into a data stream on the receiving hast’s system
layer 4: transport layer
defines end-to-end delivery of packets. It defines how routing works (identifying endpoints) and how routes are learned so that the packets can be delivered. it defines how to fragment a packet into smaller packets to accommodate different media. Examples: Routers operate at Layer 3-IP, IPX, AppleTalk
layer 3: network layer
provides access to the networking media and physical transmission across the media and this enables the data to locate its intended destination on a network. This layer is concerned with network topology, network access, error notification, ordered delivery of frames, and flow control. Examples: Ethernet, Frame Relay, FDDI.
layer 2: data link layer
deals with the physical characteristics of the transmission medium. It defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for achieving, maintaining, and deactivating physical link between end systems
layer 1: physical layer
It is a networking model with a set of communication protocols for the internet and similar networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP because its Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (IP) were the first networking protocols defined in this model.
TCP/IP model
provides basic communication
internet protocol (IP)
provides key functions that applications need
transmission control protocol (TCP)
represents an interface through a variety of protocols that enable services to be applied to end-user application processes. These services include handling high-level protocols, issuing of representation, encoding, and dialog control
application layer
responsible for reliable end-to-end data delivery from the source host to the destination host
transport layer
responsible for the delivery of service requests that respond from the transport layer and have them arrive at their destination through the “virtual network” image of the Internet
internet layer (network)
also called the host-to-network layer, which is concerned with all of the issues that an IP packet requires to make a physical link to the network media. Its functions include mapping the IP addresses to physical hardware addresses and encapsulation of IP packets
network access layer
