Handout 11 - 14 - FINAL Flashcards
What is Language family?
A group of languages that share a common ancestor or parent language is called a protolanguage.
What is the Indo-European family of languages,
languages spoken in the Americas, Europe, and Asia, that are believed to derive from a hypothetical language known as Proto-Indo-European,
What is ideographic writing?
Is a writing system in which the characters (ideograms) signify neither sounds nor syllables but rather who words or significant parts of words.
What is phonetic writing?
Phonetic transcription is the visual representation of speech sounds by means of symbols. The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet
What is standard language?
Language variety that has undergone substantial codification of grammar usage.
What is lingua franca?
Language or mixture of languages used as a medium of communication by people whos native languages are different.
What is creole language?
elements of different languages
What is polyglot state?
A person able to speak at least four languages?
What is theocracy?
A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god
What is securalism?
The principle of separation of the state from religious institutions
How language can be used politically?
in the process of nation building and as a way of assimilating minority groups into a mainstream society (example of Native American populations in the United States
The Breton population in France
As a way to impose colonial domination in overseas territories.
The role of language in the construction of social and territorial identities?
Language acts as a tool for social integration. When individuals learn and use the language of their community, they become more connected to its customs and people facilitating cultural assimilation.
The religious dimension of social and political conflicts.
(as illustrated in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?)
Both Islam and Judaism consider certain sites in the region to be sacred.
The Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem is revered by Muslims as the third holiest site after Mecca and Medina.
The Western Wall (Wailing Wall) is a significant religious site for Jews.
Some religious Zionists in Israel view themselves as guardians of the Jewish state, resisting concessions to Arabs due to their religious convictions. Similarly, Islamist groups advocate for the liberation of “holy” territories for religious reasons, perpetuating hostility toward Israel.
What are the 3 main monotheist religions?
Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
What is Judaism?
a pact between God and the Jewish people; the Jewish diaspora.
What is Christianity?
the life and message of Jesus Christ; major splits and evolution of the religion (Different denominations - Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodox Christianity).
What is islam?
the Sunni and Shi’ite branches; the Umma; the five pillars. Muhammad
What is a nation?
a cultural entity, defined by the people themselves
What is a state?
independent political units that claim exclusive jurisdiction over defined territories and over all of the people and activities within them.
What is a nation-state?
A state ruling over a territory containing all the people of a nation and no others
What is colonialsm?
a country taking political control of a dependent country
What is indirect rule?
The imperialist use of native rulers as intermediaries between the imperialists and the people
What is centrifugal forces?
Forces that tend to pull states apart
What is centrifugal forces?
Forces that pull apart
What is coup?
a sudden and often violent overthrow of a government or ruling authority. It typically involves a small group (such as military officers, politicians, or rebels) seizing control of the state apparatus, including key institutions like the executive branch, legislature, or judiciary.
Aim to replace the existing government or leadership
What is regionalism?
Political identities based on areas within a state that are culturally or economically different from the rest of the state
What is separatism?
seeking to establish its own state taken from an existing state
What is democracy?
The rule of the people, usually through elected representatives
What is autocracy?
A form of government that is run according to the interests of the ruler or ruling elite rather than the people
What is unitary state/government?
the balance of power lies with the central government
What is federal state/government?
A form of government in which a central government shares power with subunits
What is the history of the nation-state and nationalism in Western Europe?
boundaries of the state align with a specific national or ethnic group
Nationalism played a crucial role in shaping modern Europe, influencing wars, state-making, and cultural identity
Explain the end of European empires and the emergence of a world of nations-states
After World War II, the colonial empires began to crumble.
As empires dissolved, smaller nation states emerged.
Each nation state had control over its territory and domestic affairs.
Global Shifts: The war weakened European powers, making it difficult to maintain control over distant colonies.
Nationalism: Colonized peoples demanded self-determination and independence, fueled by rising nationalist sentiments.
International Pressure: The United Nations and other international bodies advocated for decolonization.
Explain the contrasting experience of the British and the French
British - indirect rule, progressive transition toward the commonwealth of nations
French - overall have ruled more directly and have been more reluctant to let their colonies go.
Explain the dynamic of nation-states resulting from both centripetal and centrifugal forces
CENTRIPETAL - Unify and Strengthen
national languages
the army
The symbols of the nation - flag, national anthem
The education system
CENTRIFUGAL - Divide and weaken
regionalism
separatist movements (the case of the Tuareg)
Illegal Trade
The emergence of islamist groups
Explain the Tuareg regionalist and the separatist movement
The growth of the illegal drug trade
The growth of Islamist groups
The collapse of the government
Explain the different types of regimes
Democratic - a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives
Autocratic - A form of government that is run according to the interests of the ruler or ruling elite rather than the people
What is a Democratic regime?
the rule of the people by the people. Became the international standard after the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s
What is a Autocratic regime?
a government run according to the interest of the ruler or the ruling elite. Dictatorships are an extreme form of autocracy.
Explain the different types of governments
UNITARY
The central government holds ALL the powers
Local or municipal governments exist but operate under the uthority of the central government.
The central government makes decisions and may devolve certain powers to local levels.
FEDERAL- there is an intermediate level of government between the central and local levels.
States or provinces within a federal state have constitutionally protected supreme authority (sovereinty)
State or provincial governments share sovereignty with the central government and have jurisdiction over various policy areas
What is a unitary government?
political power is concentrated at the national level (ex: France)
What is a federal government?
refers to a country in which power is shared with national sub-units (ex: the United States, Germany)
What are less economically developed countries?
nations that exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development. These countries face significant challenges in terms of poverty, infrastructure, education, and health care.
Africa, Asia, Caribbean, Pacific
Africa - Angola, Ethoiopia, Mali, Mozanbique
Asia - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia Nepal
Caribbean - Hati
Pacific - Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu
What are more economically developed countries?
nations that exhibit high levels of socioeconomic development. These countries typically have advanced economies, well-established infrastructure, and a high standard of living for their citizens.
Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, Hong Kong, Australia, Denmark
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
the total value of all goods and services produced within a country.
What is Gross National Income (GNI)
GDP + any income that residents receive from foreign investments, minus any money paid out of the country to foreign investors
What is sectoral transformation?
The process of shifting economic activity (primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector) from one sector to another within an economy.
Movement of labor and resources from traditional sectors (such as agriculture) to modern sectors (such as manufacturing)
What is primary sector?
The part of the economy that extracts resources directly from Earth, including agriculture, fishing, forestry, and mining
What is secondary sector?
The part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods
What is tertiary sector?
The part of the economy that offer services, such as retail, consulting, and education
What is pre-industrial society?
A society with the bulk of its economic activity in the primary sector
What is industrial society?
A society with a significant share of its output from the secondary sector
Waht is post industrial society?
A society with the bulk of its economic activity in the tertiary sector
What is outsorcing?
A company’s decision to hire another company to do part of its activities
What is G20?
Consists of 20 major economies, including both developed and developing nations that represents about 80% of global GDP.
What is BRICS?
Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
What is import-substitution method of growth?
A national economic policy of protecting domestic infant industries
What is export-led economic growth?
It is an economic strategy used by some developing countries. In this approach, a country seeks to achieve economic development by actively participating in international trade.
occurs when a country focuses on boosting its exports as a primary driver of economic progress.
What are the main factors at play in determining the location of economic activies?
Availibility of capital
Technology
Government regulation
The PROXIMITY OF RAW MATERIAL - Industries often choose locations close to their required raw materials. Being near natural resources reduces transportation costs and ensures a steady supply.
The PROXIMITY OF A MARKET - Being close to consumers or markets is essential. Companies want to reach their target audience efficiently. Urban areas often attract businesses due to their large consumer base.
AVAILABILITY OF LABOR FORCE - Access to a skilled and available workforce is crucial. Companies consider factors like educ
What are Alfred Webers 3 factors theory and its limits?
TRANSPORT COST: The cost of moving raw materials and finished products affects location decisions. Industries tend to locate where transportation costs are minimized.
LABOR COSTS: Labor availability, wages, and skills play a crucial role. Companies seek locations with an optimal balance of labor costs.
AGGLOMERATION (CLUSTERING) ECONOMIES : These refer to the benefits gained from clustering industries together. Proximity to suppliers, specialized labor, and knowledge sharing can lead to cost savings.
Explain the nationial strategies to cope with globalization.
import-substution method of growth
export led economic growth
What are the United Nations (UN)?
is an international organization founded in 1945. Initially with 51 member states, it now includes 193 sovereign nations. Its stated purposes are to:
Maintain international Peace and Security
Develop Friendly relations among Nations
Achieve International Cooperation
Serve as a Center for Harmonizing Actions of the Nations
Headquarted in New York City - also has offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna and The Hague
IN SUMMARY
The UN strives to promote peace, protect human rights, and advance sustainable development worldwide. It remains a vital forum for global cooperation and collective action
What are human rights?
The set of rights, such as the freedom of speech and the right to own property, that are thought by some to apply to all people
What is the European Union (EU)?
A bloc of European countries enjoying free trade and committed to some degree of political union
What is North American Free Trade Agreement? (NAFTA)
An agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico to reduce barriers to trade and investment between their countries
What are some of the main issues associated with economic growth and the sustainability of the global environment?
Resource depletion
pollution and environmental degradation
Climate Change
Loss of Biodiversity
Land Use Changes
Waste Generation
Energy Consumption
Provide 3 diretions encouraging the use of renewable resources.
Look up notes for answer…..
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