Hand Washing And Vitals. Flashcards
Asepsis
Includes all activities to prevent infection or break the chain of infection. Hand hygiene is the most effective way to help prevent the spread of infectious agents.
Vital signs
Temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure. (Sometimes pain and oxygen saturation)
Body temperature
the heat of the body measured in degrees.
Sources of heat production
Metabolism, hormones, muscle movements, exercise increase the metabolism.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released and alter metabolism.
Energy production decreases and heat production increase.
Sources of heat loss
Skin, warming and humidify in inspired air, evaporation of sweat, eliminating urine and feces.
Core body temperature
Deep tissues of the body abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity remains constant.
Surface temperature
Skin subcutaneous tissue, fat rises and falls in response to the environment.
Factors effecting body temperature
Circadian rhythms, age and gender, environmental temperatures
Circadian rhythm
Body temperature normally fluctuates throughout the day.
Lowest between: 0400-0600 am
Highest between 1600-1800 pm
Sites for measuring body temperature
Oral, rectal, axillary, tympanic membrane, skin/temporal artery.
Oral temperature contrindications
Impaired cognitive functioning, inability to close lips around thermometer, diseases of the oral cavity, and oral or nasal surgery.
Rectal temperature contraindications
Newborns, small children, patients who have had rectal surgery, or have diarrhea or disease of the rectum, and contain heart conditions.
Tympanic temperature contraindications
Earache, ear drainage, and scarred tympanic membrane.
Peripheral pulse
Pulse located away from the heart
Arm, foot, wrist, leg, neck
Palpation (feeling)
Apical pulse
Central pulse
At the apex of the heart
Auscultation (hearing)
Parasympathetic stimulation
Decreases heart rate
Sympathetic stimulation
Increases heart rate
Pulse rate
Number of contractions over a peripheral artery in 1 minute
Pulse variations
Increased or decreased pulse rate
Pulse amplitude and quality
Regular or irregular pulse rhythm
Normal respirations rate for adults
12-20 times per minute
Infant and children breathe more rapidly
Depth of respirations
Varies from shallow to deep
Rhythm of respiratios
Regular: each inhalation/exhalation and the pauses between occur at regular intervals
Rate and depth of breathing
Changes in response to body demands
Controlled by respiratory centers in the medulla and pons
Activated by impulses from chemoreceptors
Increase in carbon dioxide is the most powerful respiratory stimulant
Eupnea
Normal in rate in depth (in breathing)
Hyperpnea
Respirations are labored, increases in depth, and increased in rate.
Bradypnea
Breathing less then 12 in a minute. Slow breathing rate.
Tachypnea
Breathing more than 20 breaths per minute. Occurs normally during exercise. Fast breathing
Apnea
Respirations cease
Hyperventilation
Rate and depth of respirations increase
Hypoventilation
Rate is lower than normal and depth decreased
Cheyne
Strokes breathing
Dyspnea
Difficult breathing
Orthpnea
Breathing in upright position
Stoke volume
The amount of blood discharged from the ventricle with each beat
Cardiac output
Stroke volume X Heart rate per min
Blood volume
The sum of the blood cell and plasma volumes in the vascular system
Peripheral resistance
The impedance of blood flow as the arterial channels become more and more distant to the heart.
Blood viscosity
Thickness or its resistance to flowing (anemia, hemorrhage).
Pre-Hypertension
Systolic pressure: 120-139 mmHg
Diastolic pressure: 80-89 mmHg
Hypertension
Systolic pressure: 140 and higher mmHg
Diastolic pressure: 90 and higher mmHg
Orthostatic Hypotension
BP falls when client sits or stands
Normal oral temperature
37.00 C or 98.6 F
Normal Pulse Rate
60-100 BPM 80 is average.
Normal Respirations
12 to 20 breaths/minute
Normal blood pressure
Below 120/80 mmHg
