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Upper Extremity > Hand Infections > Flashcards

Hand Infections Flashcards

1
Q

How do you classify hand infections

A
  • Acute vs chronic
  • By anatomic site
    • skin, subcut, deep space, tendon, muscle,
  • By organism
    • bac, viral, fungal, parasitic, protozoal
  • By etiology
    • trauma, human/animal bute, IVDU, immunocompromise, post-op
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2
Q

What special tests are used for identification of fungal, mycobacteria and HSV infections?

A
  • Fungal: KOH, Giemsa, Silver stains
    • Hyphae, spores, mycelia
  • Mycobacteria/Nocardia: Ziehl-Niessen stain
  • HSV: Tzank smear
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3
Q

What are treatment principles of hand infection

A
  • Debridement
  • I&D
  • Splint, Elevation, Rest
  • Antibiotics
  • Early rehab
  • For surgical Tx
    • dont exsanguinated for tourniquet
    • local takes longer to work
    • plan for extension of incisions not over NV bundles
    • plan for multiple washouts
    • cultures from intraop samples
    • Joints - avoid aspiration over area of cellullits
    • Send joint fluid for cell count, C&S, Glc, protein
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4
Q

What are approaches to joints for washout of infection

A
  • Radio carpal jt - b/w 3/4 compartments
  • MCP jt - dorsal and split extensor
  • PIP jt - midaxial, split TRL, protect central slip
  • DIP jt - H or Y incision, protect TT
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5
Q

What are mimickers of infection to keep on DDX

A
  • Gout/Pseudogout
    • sent jt aspirate for crystals, Rheum referral
  • Acute calcific tendonitis
    • NSAIDs, Rheum referral
  • FB
  • Pyogenic granulosum
    • excise and cauterize base
  • Pyoderma gangrenosum
    • macult->papule w raise violaceous borders, associated w UC.
    • Do not excise - treat w steroids and wound care
  • Spider bite
    • brown recluse spider leads to ST necrosis
  • Metastatc or 1’ tumor
    • SCC BCC melnaoma KA
    • DP primary site for bone mets (source thyroid, prostate, breast, lung, kidney, colon
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6
Q

What are the 3 potential spaces for infections in the hand and forearm

A
  • Hand
    • thenar
    • hypothenar
    • midpalm
  • Forearm
    • Paronas space
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7
Q

What are the 9 spaces (includes 4deep and 5 superficials)

A

DEEP

  • thenar
  • hypothenar
  • midpalm
  • Paronas

Superficial

  • dorsal subcutaneous
  • dorsal subaponeurotic
  • interdigital webspace
  • radial bursa
  • ulnar bursa
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8
Q

Define boundaries of thenar space deep infection, symptoms/signs and treatment

A

THENAR SPACE

  • Roof: D2 flexor sheath and palmar fascia
  • Floor: Adductor fascia
  • ulnar border: D3 MC vertical septum to palmar fascia
  • radial border: confluence of AddP fascia and muscle at insertion to PP

Findings: thumb abducted, pain w opp/abd

Tx:

I&D across thenar crease and dorsal webspace

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9
Q

Define boundaries of midpalm space deep infection, symptoms/signs and treatment

A

MIDPALM - deep to flexors

Floor - Volar IO and MC 3,4,5

Roof - flexor sheaths 3,4,5 and palmar aponeurosis

Radial - vertical septum at D3 MC

Ulnar - hypothenar septum at D5 MC

Finding - loss of palmar concavity

Tx

I&D with incisoin from D3 webspace to pisiform

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10
Q

Define boudaries of Paronas space, findings and Treatment

A
  • volar wrist b/w PQ and long flexors
  • communicates w radial and ulnar bursa - horseshoe abscess-
  • proximal extend to FDS insertion
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11
Q

What are complications of a hand infection

A

EARLY

  • skin slough
  • extension to adjacent structures - OM, SA, tendon rupture, vessel thrombosis
  • amputation

LATE

  • recurrence
  • stiffness
  • degenrative arthritis
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12
Q

What is your management of a felon

A

= subcutaneous abscess of the finger pulp

Compx: OM, skin/pulp necrosis

Tx - I&D - incise on non-dominent side, break apart septae, keep intact flexor sheath, Abx, pack tid

–> can also consider longitudinal incision over most pointing aspect of felon

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13
Q

What is your management of a herpetic whitlow

A

= vesicles 2’ to HSV1 (oral) HSV2 (genital)

Dx: Tzank smear of vesicle media or IF anti-HSV Ab

Tx: no I&D, dry gauze, topicla pancyclovir if immunocompromised, acyclovir if prodrome

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14
Q

What is your DDX of acute suppurative flexor tenosynovitis

A
  • gout/psudogout
  • inflammatory tenosynovitia
  • herpetic whitlow
  • felon
  • abscess
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15
Q

What is your management of acute flexor tenosynovitis suppurativa

A

Early

  • IV abx, splint elevate observe and reqeunt reassessment

Late

  • Catheter irrigation - incise prox to A1 distal to A4, irrigate w tid dressing change
  • ABX: ???
  • Early ROM
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16
Q

What is your management of a dog/cat bite

A

History

tetanus

Rabies immunization

Culture

copious irrigation

delayed 1 wound healing

Xray to r/o FB

Abx: amox-clav (clavulin) OR if pen allergy, clindamycin + septra

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17
Q

What bacteria are associated w dog and cat bites?

A

DOG

  • s. aureus, s. viridans
  • bacteroides
  • pasteurella multicoda GNB
  • capnocytphaga canimorsus

CAT

  • Pasteurella multicoda most common

plus similar to above

  • cat scratch - rochalimaea henselea
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18
Q

What is your management of a human bite/fight bite

A

History

Tetanus

Culture

Xray for air in jt/FB

Clavulin OR if pen allergy, clindamycin + septra

I&D if joint involved, packing, delayed extensor repair

* most common pathogens

  • aerobics: s. aureus, epidermidis, strep
  • anaerobic: bacteroides, peptococcus, peptosctreptococcus, Eikenella corrodens GNR,
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19
Q

What is your management of a necrotizing fasccitis

A
  • ABCs, ICU consult
  • Culture wound/blood
  • CBC, lytes Cr, LFT, CK, INR/PTT, lactate
  • Or - debridement devitalized tissue, repeat OR 24-48hrs later
  • IV abx - vanco+piptazo+clinda. Use 900mg IV q8h clinda for anaerobe, 4mu q4h penicillin for GAS
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20
Q

What are complications of septic arthritis

A
  • Stiffness, adhesions
  • OM
  • degenerative arthritis
  • boutonniere, mallet (pus erodes dorsally)
  • amputation
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21
Q

What will you send from sample for chronic wound to determine etiology

A
  • 1/2 in formalin (histo)
  • 1/2 not in formalin for 8pack micro diagnostic work-up:
  • ​Smears and stains:
    • Gram stain
    • AFB (ziehl neelsen)
    • Fungal stain (KOH)
  • Culture and sensitivity
    • aerobic
    • anaerobic
    • tuberculous mycobacteria at 37’
    • non-tuberculous mycobacteria at 30’ (M.marinum) and at 42 (M.xenopi)
    • Mycotic culture media (Sabouraud dextrose agar) for sporotrichosis
22
Q

What is your management of cat scatch disease?

A
  • Bartonella
  • Inoculation 1-3wks
  • lymphangitis, regional LAD
  • Self limiting
23
Q

What is your management of Actinomycosis?

A
  • Actinomycosis Israelii
  • H&N, oral lesion ->abscess, + sinuses +sulfur yellow granules expressed, INVASIVE
  • Biopsy, Penicillin 6-12mths
24
Q

What is your management of Tularemia?

A
  • Francisella Tularensis
  • Hx of animal bite non responisve to regular treatment w clavulin - >papule to ulceration/necrosis/lymphangitis
  • Tx: streptomycin/gentamycin
25
Q

What necrotizing infection occurs from seawater contact/contamination?

A
  • Vibrio vulnificans -> necrotizing soft tissue infection - GN anaerobic rod
  • Tx: surgical debridement, +/- fasciotomies, DOXYCYCLINE
26
Q

What is your treatment of onychomycosis?

A
  • Tinea infection - Trichophytan
  • nail thickening/seperation - occurs in DM/immunosuppressed/scleroderma
  • Dx: KOH of scrapings
  • Tx: antifungals topical, removal nail if persistent
27
Q

What is your differential of a ulcerated verrucous nodule with lymphangitis wks-mths post injury, Hx of farming/gardening?

A

DDX

  • nocardiosis (dirt/soil)
  • tularemia (animla contact)
  • atypical mycobacteria
  • sporotrichosis schenckii (gardening)
28
Q

What is your management of sporotrichosis?

A
  • sporothrix schenkii (fungal)
  • ulcerated raised verrucous nodule with lymphangitis, wks to months post injury while gardening
  • Dx: culture in Sabourard media
  • Tx: I&D of abscess if present, + amphotericin or itraconazole
29
Q

What is your management of aspergillosis

A
  • Aspergillosis funigatis (hyphae)
  • necrotizing ulcer - usually at IV site - in immunocomp.
  • DDx nocardia, mucor
  • Dx: KOH prep
  • Tx - debridement w clear margins and amphotericin B
30
Q

What is your management of mucormycosis

A
  • Mucorales rhizopus/rhizomucor
    • Triad: DM, gangrene, thrombosis + black discharge
  • Dx: biopsy
  • Tx:debridement + IV amphotericin
31
Q

What is your management of mycobacterial infection?

A
  • MOST COMMON CHRONIC HAND INFECTION
  • TYPICAL: M. tuberculosis, bovis
  • ATYPICAL: M. marinum, Kansaii
  • Chronic granuloma + caseation
  • Dx: biopsy, culture (ZIehl Niessen stain)
  • Tx: Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutal, Pyrazinamide
32
Q

Where can tuberculosis infection occur and how does tx differ?

A
  • Cutaneous TB (most common site)
    • M. marinum, tuberculosis
  • TB tenosynovitis
    • M. Marinum most common
  • TB arthritis
    • M. Marinum most common
  • TB osteomyelitis
33
Q

What is your management of cutaneous TB?

A
  • M. tuberculosis/marinum - Typical Myco infx
  • Hx of fresh water exposure
  • pustules on digits, LAD
  • Dx: skin biiopsy for ZN stain (AFB), C&S for mycobac
  • Tx:
    • Anti-tb Tx with Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutal, Pyrazinamide
34
Q

What is your management of TB tenosynovitis

A
  • M. Marinum most common
  • mimicks RA synovitis, commonly on flexors
  • Dx. biopsy for AFB, C&S
  • Tx: Synovectomy, Anti TB Tx: isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutal, pyrazinamide
35
Q

What is your management of TB arthritis and osteomyelitis?

A
  • M. Marinum most common
  • WRIST most common for arthritis- with little pain, mainly swelling and decreased ROM - subchondral erosions draining sinuses
  • MC and Phalanges most common for OM - bone loss, cystic lesions, pathologic fractue
  • Tx arthritis: control infection with antiTB meds then arthrodesis or arthorplasty
  • Tx OM: Anti TB meds
36
Q

How do you classify fungal infections of the hand

A

By location

  • cutaneous (skin, nail)
  • Subcutaneous (sporotrochosis, chronic paronychia)
  • deep (mucomycosis)
37
Q

What are three cardinal signs of Hansen’s Diseasae (HD) - leprosy

A
  • Anesthetic skin patch
  • Nerve thickening
  • hypopigmented skin lesions (nodules)
38
Q

What is the pathophysiology of HD?

A
  • Mycobacteria leprae, nasal droplet transmission
  • invade and proliferate in Schwann cells
  • causes mononeuritis multiplex
  • ulnar>median>radial
    • infectious neuropathy, immune neuropathy, compressive neuropathy
  • immune sys eradicates bacteria and repalces neural tissue with hyalinized fibrous tissue = nerve thickening
  • incubation 2-3yrs
39
Q

How do you classify and diangose HD?

A

According to hosts immune response to M. leprae

  • Tuberculoid (high immunity)
  • Lepromatous (low immunity)
  • borderline (unstable/intermediate immunity)

Skin biopsy for dx

  • granulomas, thickened nerves
  • stain AFB
40
Q

How do you treat HD

A
  • Eradicate M. leprae - Multidrug therapy - dapsone, rifampin, clofazinime x1yr
  • pain management - n. decompression, NSAIDS, gabapentin
  • prevention further nerve damage- steroids
  • restore sensation - n. transfer
  • restore function - ulnar n defomrity - claw hand - most common
  • psychiatric support
41
Q

How do you define osteomyelitis?

A

def. inflammation of bone secondary to pyogenic organism, leading to bone destruction and subsequent new bone formation

42
Q

What is an involucrum, a sequestrum, osteitis and brodies abscess

A
  • Involucrum: layer of newly formed living bone over area of necrotic bone
  • Sequestrum: area of necrotic bone - defines chronic OM
  • Osteitis: infected bone cortex
  • Brodies abscess: localized focus of infected bone following a subperiosteal infection
43
Q

How do you classify OM

A

By etiology

  • hematogenous spread (peds)
  • contiguous spread form ST (vascular insufficiency - DM.PVD)
  • inoculation (post trauma/iatrogenic)

By chronicity

  • acute: within 2wks of disease and before sequestrae develop
  • subacute - 1-2 months
  • chronic >3months
44
Q

What bacteria are associated with different OM etiologies?

A
  • Post-trauma = s. aureus, epidermidis
  • Open F# = GNB, anaerobes
  • Fresh water/pool - m.marinuum
  • Sickle cell = salmonella
  • soil = sporotrichosis, enterobacter
  • foot - pseudomonas
45
Q

List 4 factors protective against development of OM in post traumatic patient

A
  • adequate debridement
  • stabilization
  • dead space obliteration
  • early soft tissue coverage (5-7days)
46
Q

What is your work-up for dx of OM?

A
  • Bone biopsy - before abx or 48hrs after stopping
  • Blood work - wbc, crp, esr,
  • Investigations
    • Xray 1st - need 50% bone loss to see abnormality
    • CT
    • MRI - more sensitive butmust be >12mth and no hardware
    • scintigraphy - can distinguish healing fractue from infected non union, subclincial OM
47
Q

What are features of OM on Xray and CT?

A

Xray

  • periostitis
  • involucrum formation
  • cortical lucency

CT

  • cortical defects
  • sequestra
  • fistula
48
Q

What are your treatment goals and principles for OM?

A

GOALS

  • Eradicate infection
  • Dead space obliteration
  • SST coverage
  • Fracture union
  • Function

PRINCIPLES

  • Sugical debridement of all infected/devitalized tissue/bone + removal of hardware if fractur healed
  • Reconstruction of bone and ST
    • ST: Muscle flap - deadspace/vascular
    • Bone - exfix/1’ graft or 2’ graft
      • <1.5cm defect - 1’ graftw cancellous bone
      • if 2’, wait 3-6mths and place PMMA Abx beads
  • IV abx 6wks and until all clinical signs improve
    • if hardware in place, and s. aureux infection -> rifampin + ciprofloxacin
  • Amputation - if all tx fails and cannot restore fx
49
Q

What is your treatment algorith for acute infection after ORIF

A
  • Bone not healed, hardware stable
    • Abx and leave hardware until union and clinically improved, then remove hardware
  • Bone not healed, hardware unstable
    • Abx, remove hardware and externally stabilize and plan for 2’ recon once infx clear
  • Bone healed, hardware stable
    • Abx, remove hardware, control dead space
50
Q
A

Upper Extremity (27 decks)

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